{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T09:08:57Z","timestamp":1772010537554,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2019YFE0127600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0127600"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2042022gf0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042022gf0012"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2019YFE0127600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0127600"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2042022gf0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042022gf0012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Irrigation has excellent potential for altering surface characteristics and the local climate. Although studies using site observations or remote sensing data have demonstrated an irrigation cooling effect (ICE) on the air temperature (Tem) and land surface temperature (LST), it is difficult to eliminate other stress factors due to different backgrounds. We characterized the irrigation effect as the differences (\u0394) of LST and DCT (DCT = LST \u2212 Tem) between irrigated and adjacent non-irrigated areas. An improved method was proposed to detect it over the North China Plain (NCP) based on satellite observations. We also investigated the effects of irrigation on Tem, precipitation, NDVI, and ET, and explored the relationships between them. The results show that irrigation induced a decrease in the daytime\/nighttime LST and DCT (\u22120.13\/\u22120.09 and \u22120.14\/\u22120.07 \u00b0C yr\u22121), Tem (\u22120.023 \u00b0C in spring), and precipitation (\u22121.461 mm yr\u22121), and an increase in NDVI (0.03 in spring) and ET (0.289 mm yr\u22121) across the NCP. The effect on nighttime LST and NDVI increased by 0.04 \u00b0C 10 yr\u22121 and 0.003 10 yr\u22121, and that on ET weakened by 0.23 mm 10 yr\u22121 during 2000\u20132015. The ICE on the LST had evident spatiotemporal heterogeneity, which was greater in the daytime, in the spring, and in the northern area of the NCP (dry\u2013hot conditions). The daytime ICE in the NCP and northern NCP was 0.37 and 0.50 \u00b0C during spring, respectively, with the strongest ICE of 0.60 \u00b0C in Henan; however, the ICE was less evident (&lt;0.1 \u00b0C) in the southern NCP throughout the year. The \u0394NDVI, \u0394ET, and \u0394Tem were the main factors driving ICE, explaining approximatively 22%, 45%, and 25% of the daytime ICE, respectively. For every unit of these measures that was increased, the daytime ICE increased by about 7.3, 4.6, and 1.5 \u00b0C, respectively. This study highlights the broad irrigation effect on LST, ET, NDVI, and the climate, and provides important information for predicting climate change in the future. The improved method is more suitable for regions with uneven terrain and a varying climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15184571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T23:32:27Z","timestamp":1694993547000},"page":"4571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Irrigation Cooling Effect on Local Temperatures in the North China Plain Based on an Improved Detection Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8626-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengjie","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9106-3047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Aiwen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albaladejo-Garc\u00eda, J.A., Alcon, F., and Mart\u00ednez-Paz, J.M. 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