{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T08:46:24Z","timestamp":1768725984122,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) of Taiwan","award":["MOST 111-2111-M-003-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2111-M-003-005"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) of Taiwan","award":["MOST 111-2625-M-003-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2625-M-003-001"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) of Taiwan","award":["NSTC 112-2111-M-003-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2111-M-003-005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study selected three heavy-rainfall events of different types in Taiwan\u2019s Mei-yu season for high-resolution simulations at a grid size of 1 km and assessed the model\u2019s capability to reproduce their morphology and characteristics. The three cases include a pre-frontal squall line, a mesoscale convective system (MCS) embedded in southwesterly flow, and a local convection near the front in southern Taiwan during the South-West Monsoon Experiment (SoWMEX) in 2008, chosen mainly because of the availability of the S-band polarimetric (S-Pol) radar observations, and especially the particle identification results. The simulations using the Cloud-Resolving Storm Simulator (CReSS) could reproduce all three corresponding rainfall systems at roughly the correct time and location, including their kinematic structures such as system-relative flows with minor differences, although the cells appeared to be coarser and wider than the S-Pol observations. The double-moment cold-rain microphysics scheme of the model could also capture the general distributions of hydrometeors, such as heavy rainfall below the updraft core with lighter rainfall farther away below the melting level, and graupel and mixed-phase particles in the upper part of the updraft with snow and ice crystals in stratiform areas between updrafts above the melting level. Near the melting level, the coexistence of rain and snow corresponds to wet snow in the observations. Differences in cloud characteristics in the events are also reflected in the model results to some extent. Overall, the model\u2019s performance in the simulation of hydrometeors exhibits good agreement with the observation and appears reasonable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:46:21Z","timestamp":1695552381000},"page":"4651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Evaluation of Simulated Cloud Microphysical Characteristics of Three Mei-Yu Rainfall Systems in Taiwan by a Cloud-Resolving Model Using Dual-Polarimetric Radar Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chung-Chieh","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yu-Han","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yu-Yao","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3607-0775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Yu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"357","article-title":"Research on the phenomena of Meiyu during the past quarter century: An overview","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"East Asian Monsoon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1977)105<0270:ACPSUA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A cumulus parameterization scheme utilizing a one-dimensional cloud model","volume":"105","author":"Anthes","year":"1977","journal-title":"Mon. 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