{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T10:20:56Z","timestamp":1772187656629,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Topic Foundation of Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Ecological Environment in the Dongting Lake area","award":["DTH Key Lab.2021-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTH Key Lab.2021-012"]}]},{"name":"Open Topic Foundation of Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Ecological Environment in the Dongting Lake area","award":["42104016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104016"]}]},{"name":"Open Topic Foundation of Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Ecological Environment in the Dongting Lake area","award":["42330717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42330717"]}]},{"name":"Open Topic Foundation of Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Ecological Environment in the Dongting Lake area","award":["62207032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62207032"]}]},{"name":"Open Topic Foundation of Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Ecological Environment in the Dongting Lake area","award":["42074016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074016"]}]},{"name":"Open Topic Foundation of Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Ecological Environment in the Dongting Lake area","award":["2023ZZTS0471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZTS0471"]}]},{"name":"Open Topic Foundation of Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Ecological Environment in the Dongting Lake area","award":["2021YJ010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YJ010"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DTH Key Lab.2021-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTH Key Lab.2021-012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42104016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42330717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42330717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62207032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62207032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42074016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023ZZTS0471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZTS0471"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YJ010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YJ010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012476","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DTH Key Lab.2021-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTH Key Lab.2021-012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012476","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42104016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012476","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42330717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42330717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012476","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62207032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62207032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012476","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42074016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012476","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023ZZTS0471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZTS0471"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012476","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YJ010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YJ010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"introduction of the talent research start-up fund of the Central South University of Forestry and Technology","award":["DTH Key Lab.2021-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTH Key Lab.2021-012"]}]},{"name":"introduction of the talent research start-up fund of the Central South University of Forestry and Technology","award":["42104016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104016"]}]},{"name":"introduction of the talent research start-up fund of the Central South University of Forestry and Technology","award":["42330717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42330717"]}]},{"name":"introduction of the talent research start-up fund of the Central South University of Forestry and Technology","award":["62207032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62207032"]}]},{"name":"introduction of the talent research start-up fund of the Central South University of Forestry and Technology","award":["42074016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074016"]}]},{"name":"introduction of the talent research start-up fund of the Central South University of Forestry and Technology","award":["2023ZZTS0471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZTS0471"]}]},{"name":"introduction of the talent research start-up fund of the Central South University of Forestry and Technology","award":["2021YJ010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YJ010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Sentinel-1 imaging radar mission provides a short revisit-time, continuous all-weather, and day-and-night imagery at the C-band, which brings opportunities for the dynamic extraction of lake water areas. For wetland-type lakes, it is difficult to distinguish between the water, submerged plants, and mudflats at the edge of a lake, which leads to difficulty in recognizing the water edge of a lake and affects the accuracy of lake water area extraction. In this paper, a water area extraction and water level prediction algorithm based on Sentinel-1 dual-polarization data decomposition is proposed to solve the problem. We can accurately extract lake water through generalized Stokes polarization decomposition. At the same time, we can verify the accuracy of water area extraction by establishing the water area and in situ water level elevation (A\u2013E) relationship, and predicting the water level according to the calculated water area. In this study, dual-polarization Sentinel-1 time series SAR data covering the Dongting Lake wetland from 2018 to 2022 are used to verify the proposed water area extraction algorithm and establish the A\u2013E relationship of the East Dongting Lake basin. The results show that the generalized Stokes decomposition parameters are very sensitive to the water boundary, and the R2 of the water area and the water level can reach 0.98 by using the piecewise linear function. It confirms the accuracy of the water area inversion, which is of extremely important significance for the high-precision monitoring of the water area of Dongting Lake with long-term Sentinel-1 data. Meanwhile, the predicted lake water level acquired using the A\u2013E relationship established in this paper is compared with the field water level, with an RMSE of 0.4857 m and R2 of 0.9930. This means that the water level derived using the method in this study is quite compatible with the field observations, which provides a good idea for the water level monitoring of lakes lacking hydrological monitoring stations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:46:21Z","timestamp":1695552381000},"page":"4655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Water Area Extraction and Water Level Prediction of Dongting Lake Based on Sentinel-1 Dual-Polarization Data Decomposition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Ecological Environment in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Natural Resources Affairs Center, Changsha 410004, China"}]},{"given":"Haiqiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3974-9794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Ecological Environment in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Natural Resources Affairs Center, Changsha 410004, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01092","article-title":"Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle","volume":"419","author":"Allen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2004.03.028","article-title":"Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands","volume":"296","author":"Lehner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"894","article-title":"Monitoring of the water-area variations of Lake Dongting in China with ENVISAT ASAR images","volume":"13","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108142","article-title":"Disappearing Arctic Lakes","volume":"308","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5477.284","article-title":"Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth","volume":"289","author":"Green","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-020-0067-5","article-title":"Global lake responses to climate change","volume":"1","author":"Woolway","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1623\/hysj.54.1.101","article-title":"A Review of the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Surface Water Quality","volume":"54","author":"Wilby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.03.005","article-title":"Monitoring lake level changes on the Tibetan Plateau using ICESat altimetry data (2003\u20132009)","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.1065","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of large lakes and reservoirs: From elevation and area to storage","volume":"2","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.09.021","article-title":"Remote sensing of inland waters: Challenges, progress and future directions","volume":"157","author":"Palmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, K., and Li, Y. (2019). Changes in Lake Area in Response to Climatic Forcing in the Endorheic Hongjian Lake Basin, China. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11243046"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-27554-5","article-title":"Identification of time-varying wetlands neglected in Pakistan through remote sensing techniques","volume":"30","author":"Aslam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop-Taylor, R., Sagar, S., Lymburner, L., Alam, I., and Sixsmith, J. (2019). Sub-Pixel Waterline Extraction: Characterising Accuracy and Sensitivity to Indices and Spectra. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242984"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L., and Liu, T. (2019). The Impact of Artificial Wetland Expansion on Local Temperature in the Growing Season\u2014The Case Study of the Sanjiang Plain, China. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242915"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1461","article-title":"Water body detection and delineation with Landsat TM data","volume":"66","author":"Frazier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L09605","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL043227","article-title":"Optically black waters in the northern Baltic Sea","volume":"37","author":"Berthon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.12.055","article-title":"Comparing Landsat water index methods for automated water classification in eastern Australia","volume":"175","author":"Fisher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","article-title":"The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features","volume":"17","author":"McFeeters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600589179","article-title":"Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"62","article-title":"A Study on Information Extraction of Water System in Semi-arid Regions with the Enhanced Water Index (EWI) and GIS Based Noise Remove Techniques","volume":"6","author":"Pei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Inf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.029","article-title":"Automated Water Extraction Index: A New Technique for Surface Water Mapping Using Landsat Imagery","volume":"140","author":"Feyisa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2018.02.054","article-title":"On the merging of optical and SAR satellite imagery for surface water mapping applications","volume":"9","author":"Markert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/17538940701782577","article-title":"Water resource applications with RADARSAT-2-a preview","volume":"1","author":"Brisco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23512","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2911669","article-title":"Object oriented method for detection of inundation extent using multi-polarized synthetic aperture radar image","volume":"2","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsyganskaya, V., Martinis, S., and Marzahn, P. (2019). Flood Monitoring in Vegetated Areas Using Multitemporal Sentinel-1 Data: Impact of Time Series Features. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11091938"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-17-651-2013","article-title":"Automated global water mapping based on wide-swath orbital synthetic-aperture radar","volume":"17","author":"Westerhoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1192304","article-title":"Sentinel-1-based flood mapping: A fully automated processing chain","volume":"37","author":"Twele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Liu, G.X., Zhang, R., Fu, Y., Liu, Q., Cai, J.L., Wang, X.W., and Li, Z.L. (2021). Monitoring Dynamic Evolution of the Glacial Lakes by Using Time Series of Sentinel-1A SAR Images. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071313"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z.R., Xie, F., Ling, F., and Du, Y. (2022). Monitoring Surface Water Inundation of Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake in China Using Sentinel-1 SAR Images. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143473"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binh, P.D., Prigent, C., and Aires, F. (2017). Surface Water Monitoring within Cambodia and the Vietnamese Mekong Delta over a Year, with Sentinel-1 SAR Observations. Water, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/w9060366"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2797536","article-title":"Unsupervised Rapid Flood Mapping Using Sentinel-1 GRD SAR Images","volume":"56","author":"Amitrano","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.10.017","article-title":"A local thresholding approach to flood water delineation using Sentinel-1 SAR imagery","volume":"159","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1109\/36.485127","article-title":"A review of target decomposition theorems in radar polarimetry","volume":"34","author":"Cloude","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2021.3137588","article-title":"Model-Based Decomposition of Dual-Pol SAR Data: Application to Sentinel-1","volume":"60","author":"Mascolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms","volume":"9","author":"Otsu","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Serra, J.P.F. (1983). Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology, International Biometric Society."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.12.007","article-title":"Lake area changes in the middle Yangtze region of China over the 20th century","volume":"92","author":"Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-006-5233-9","article-title":"Measuring water storage fluctuations in Lake Dongting, China, by Topex\/Poseidon satellite altimetry","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.04.010","article-title":"Variation of water level in Dongting Lake over a 50-year period: Implications for the impacts of anthropogenic and climatic factors","volume":"525","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447-33.6.311","article-title":"Impact of impoldering and lake restoration on land-cover changes in Dongting Lake area, Central Yangtze","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"AMBIO"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"ESA (2022, July 02). Sentinel-1 Technical Guides. Available online: https:\/\/sentinel.esa.int\/web\/sentinel\/technical-guides\/sentinel-1-sar."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.028","article-title":"GMES Sentinel-1 mission","volume":"120","author":"Torres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4009105","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2021.3050921","article-title":"Thermal Noise Removal from Polarimetric Sentinel-1 Data","volume":"19","author":"Mascolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajnsek, I., and Desnos, Y.-L. (2021). Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar Principles and Application: Principles and Application, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56504-6"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008395514426","article-title":"Removing Noise and Preserving Details with Relaxed Median Filters","volume":"11","author":"Hamza","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Math. Imaging Vis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/36.551935","article-title":"An entropy based classication scheme for land applications of polarimetric SAR","volume":"35","author":"Cloude","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geosci. Remote Sens. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Jiang, C., Long, Y., Deng, B., Jiang, J., Yang, Y., and Wu, Z. (2023). Study on the Water Level\u2013Discharge Relationship Changes in Dongting Lake Outlet Section over 70 Years and the Impact of Yangtze River Backwater Effect. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15112057"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1623\/hysj.50.1.31.56327","article-title":"Study of Dongting Lake area variation and its influence on water level using MODIS data","volume":"50","author":"Peng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.03.010","article-title":"Estimating water volume variations in lakes and reservoirs from four operational satellite altimetry databases and satellite imagery data","volume":"134","author":"Duan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-018-0812-0","article-title":"Application of Robust Estimation Method in Study of Relationship Between Lake\u2019s Water Area and Water Level","volume":"46","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuraji, K., and Saito, H. (2022). Long-Term Changes in Relationship between Water Level and Precipitation in Lake Yamanaka. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14142232"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.129507","article-title":"Spatial-temporal variations of stage-area hysteretic relationships in large heterogeneous lake\u2013floodplain systems","volume":"620","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"267","article-title":"Studying on the relation of the area, the volume and the water of Dongting lake and evaluating about the ability to modulate and store the flood water","volume":"19","author":"Yi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hunan Geol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"20","article-title":"Study on the relationship between area and water level of Dongting Lake based on MODIS remote sensing images","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Sav. Irrig."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"756","article-title":"Relation of the water area of dongting lake to the water levels of hydrological stations based on modis images","volume":"21","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resour. Environ. Yangtze Basin"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.18307\/2017.0325","article-title":"The rope relationship between the water surface area of Dongting Lake and the water level of Chenglingji","volume":"29","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lake Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"238","article-title":"Study on Relationship Between Water Level and Water Area Based on Google Earth Engine","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Syst. Appl."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/19\/4655\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:56:06Z","timestamp":1760129766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/19\/4655"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15194655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15194655","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]}}}