{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T15:17:52Z","timestamp":1772032672894,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The images of the Sentinel-2 constellation can help the verification process of farmers\u2019 declarations, providing, among other things, accurate spatial explicit maps of the agricultural land cover. The aim of the study is to design, develop, and evaluate two deep learning (DL) architectures tailored for agricultural land cover and crop type mapping. The focus is on a detailed class scheme encompassing fifteen distinct classes, utilizing Sentinel-2 imagery acquired on a monthly basis throughout the year. The study\u2019s geographical scope covers a diverse rural area in North Greece, situated within southeast Europe. These architectures are a Temporal Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and a combination of a Recurrent and a 2D Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN), and their accuracy is compared to the well-established Random Forest (RF) machine learning algorithm. The comparative approach is not restricted to simply presenting the results given by classification metrics, but it also assesses the uncertainty of the classification results using an entropy measure and the spatial distribution of the classification errors. Furthermore, the issue of sampling strategy for the extraction of the training set is highlighted, targeting the efficient handling of both the imbalance of the dataset and the spectral variability of instances among classes. The two developed deep learning architectures performed equally well, presenting an overall accuracy of 90.13% (Temporal CNN) and 90.18% (R-CNN), higher than the 86.31% overall accuracy of the RF approach. Finally, the Temporal CNN method presented a lower entropy value (6.63%), compared both to R-CNN (7.76%) and RF (28.94%) methods, indicating that both DL approaches should be considered for developing operational EO processing workflows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:46:21Z","timestamp":1695552381000},"page":"4657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Agricultural Land Cover Mapping through Two Deep Learning Models in the Framework of EU\u2019s CAP Activities Using Sentinel-2 Multitemporal Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eleni","family":"Papadopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7123-5358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgos","family":"Mallinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Siachalou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8898-9957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikos","family":"Koutsias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece"}]},{"given":"Athanasios C.","family":"Thanopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT), 18510 Piraeus, Greece"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Tsaklidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission (2023, August 09). 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