{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T12:49:59Z","timestamp":1773146999859,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite-based remote sensing (RS) data are increasingly used to map and monitor local, regional, and global environmental phenomena and processes. Although the availability of RS data has improved significantly, especially in recent years, operational applications to derive value-added information products are still limited by close-range validation and verification deficits. This is mainly due to the gap between standardized and sufficiently available close-range and RS data in type, quality, and quantity. However, to ensure the best possible linkage of close-range and RS data, it makes sense to simultaneously record close-range data in addition to the availability of environmental models. This critical gap is filled by the presented mobile wireless ad hoc sensor network (MWSN) concept, which records sufficient close-range data automatically and in a standardized way, even at local and regional levels. This paper presents a field study conducted as part of the Durable Environmental Multidisciplinary Monitoring Information Network (DEMMIN), focusing on the information gained with respect to estimating the vegetation state with the help of multispectral data by simultaneous observation of an MWSN during a Sentinel-2A (S2A) overflight. Based on a cross-calibration of the two systems, a comparable spectral characteristic of the data sets could be achieved. Building upon this, an analysis of the data regarding the influence of solar altitude, test side topography and land cover, and sub-pixel heterogeneity was accomplished. In particular, variations due to spatial heterogeneity and dynamics in the diurnal cycle show to what extent such complementary measurement systems can improve the data from RS products concerning the vegetation type and atmospheric conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:46:21Z","timestamp":1695552381000},"page":"4663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ground Truth Validation of Sentinel-2 Data Using Mobile Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks (MWSN) in Vegetation Stands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4746-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannes","family":"Mollenhauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research\u2014UFZ, Permoser Str. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8288-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Borg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Center, German Aerospace Center, M\u00fcnchener Stra\u00dfe 20, D-82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Landscape Sciences and Geomatics, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Brodaer Stra\u00dfe 2, D-17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4626-9393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bringfried","family":"Pflug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Center, German Aerospace Center, M\u00fcnchener Stra\u00dfe 20, D-82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Fichtelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Center, German Aerospace Center, M\u00fcnchener Stra\u00dfe 20, D-82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Dahms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (BKG), Richard-Strauss-Allee 11, D-60598 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9679-5984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, F.-L.-Jahn-Str. 16, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Mollenhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kompass GmbH, Ehrenbergstra\u00dfe 11, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4490-7232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Lausch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research\u2014UFZ, Permoser Str. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 16, D-12489 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3780-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Bumberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research\u2014UFZ, Permoser Str. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2699-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research\u2014UFZ, Permoser Str. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gascon, F., Cadau, E., Colin, O., Hoersch, B., Isola, C., Fern\u00e1ndez, B.L., and Martimort, P. (2014, January 17\u201321). Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission: Products, algorithms and Cal\/Val. Proceedings of the Earth Observing Systems XIX, SPIE, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2062260"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.11.026","article-title":"Sentinel-2: ESA\u2019s optical high-resolution mission for GMES operational services","volume":"120","author":"Drusch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.026","article-title":"The next Landsat satellite: The Landsat data continuity mission","volume":"122","author":"Irons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2010.0139","article-title":"A network of terrestrial environmental observatories in Germany","volume":"10","author":"Zacharias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.095","article-title":"Long-term environmental monitoring infrastructures in Europe: Observations, measurements, scales, and socio-ecological representativeness","volume":"624","author":"Mollenhauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"138","article-title":"Tereno-long-term monitoring network for terrestrial environmental research","volume":"56","author":"Bogena","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Wasserbewirtsch."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2018.04.0067","article-title":"OZCAR: The French network of critical zone observatories","volume":"17","author":"Gaillardet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lausch, A., Erasmi, S., King, D.J., Magdon, P., and Heurich, M. (2016). Understanding forest health with remote sensing-part I\u2014A review of spectral traits, processes and remote-sensing characteristics. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8121029"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03284.x","article-title":"Remote sensing of plant functional types","volume":"186","author":"Ustin","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lausch, A., Borg, E., Bumberger, J., Dietrich, P., Heurich, M., Huth, A., Jung, A., Klenke, R., Knapp, S., and Mollenhauer, H. (2018). Understanding Forest Health with Remote Sensing, Part III: Requirements for a Scalable Multi-Source Forest Health Monitoring Network Based on Data Science Approaches. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071120"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taramelli, A., Tornato, A., Magliozzi, M.L., Mariani, S., Valentini, E., Zavagli, M., Costantini, M., Nieke, J., Adams, J., and Rast, M. (2020). An Interaction Methodology to Collect and Assess User-Driven Requirements to Define Potential Opportunities of Future Hyperspectral Imaging Sentinel Mission. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081286"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.11.030","article-title":"Investigating the capability of WorldView-3 superspectral data for direct hydrocarbon detection","volume":"173","author":"Asadzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108746","article-title":"Identifying the main drivers of the seasonal decline of near-infrared reflectance of a temperate deciduous forest","volume":"313","author":"Hase","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5194\/gi-7-83-2018","article-title":"Intercomparison of cosmic-ray neutron sensors and water balance monitoring in an urban environment","volume":"7","author":"Zacharias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geosci. Instrum. Methods Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-2289-2020","article-title":"A dense network of cosmic-ray neutron sensors for soil moisture observation in a highly instrumented pre-Alpine headwater catchment in Germany","volume":"12","author":"Fersch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.01.017","article-title":"Mobile monitoring for mapping spatial variation in urban air quality: Development and validation of a methodology based on an extensive dataset","volume":"105","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04889","article-title":"Mobile and fixed-site measurements to identify spatial distributions of traffic-related pollution sources in Los Angeles","volume":"52","author":"Tessum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5383\/JTTM.03.01.001","article-title":"On the use of active mobile and stationary devices for detailed traffic data collection: A simulation-based evaluation","volume":"3","author":"Holmgren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Traffic Transp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Koch, K., Schade, G.W., Filippi, A.M., Goessler, G., and G\u00fcneralp, B. (2019). Spatial Variability in Environmental Science-Patterns, Processes, and Analyses, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.10.076","article-title":"Field comparison of portable and stationary instruments for outdoor urban air exposure assessments","volume":"123","author":"Viana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Borg, E. (2010). CAL\/VAL Site DEMMIN for Remote Sensing. Network of European Regions Using Space Technology, NEREUS Earth Observation\/GMES Working Group."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.2307\/1936256","article-title":"Derivation of leaf-area index from quality of light on the forest floor","volume":"50","author":"Jordan","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Freden, S.C., Mercanti, E.P., and Becker, M.A. (1974). Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium: Volume 1, NASA. Technical Presentations, Section B; NASA Special Publ. Technical Report, NASA-SP-351-VOL-1-SECT-B, A 20."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"22","article-title":"\u00dcber den Lichtfaktor in den Pflanzengesellschaften und seine Bedeutung fur die Stoffproduktion","volume":"14","author":"Monsi","year":"1953","journal-title":"Jap. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.09.037","article-title":"LAI retrieval and uncertainty evaluations for typical row-planted crops at different growth stages","volume":"112","author":"Yao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.3390\/s90402719","article-title":"Retrieving leaf area index (LAI) using remote sensing: Theories, methods and sensors","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.010","article-title":"Comparison of different vegetation indices for the remote assessment of green leaf area index of crops","volume":"115","author":"Gitelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810601064884","article-title":"Estimating spatial patterns of rainfall interception from remotely sensed vegetation indices and spectral mixture analysis","volume":"21","author":"Jetten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500043780","article-title":"Relationship between AVHRR surface temperature and NDVI in Arctic tundra ecosystems","volume":"26","author":"Hope","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L24406","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031485","article-title":"Note on the NDVI-LST Relationship and the Use of Temperature-Related Drought Indices Over North America","volume":"34","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9119","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.550332","article-title":"Estimation of instantaneous air temperature above vegetation and soil surfaces from Landsat 7 ETM+ data in northern Germany","volume":"32","author":"Wloczyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2307\/1942049","article-title":"Relationships between NDVI, canopy structure, and photosynthesis in three Californian vegetation types","volume":"5","author":"Gamon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90016-7","article-title":"On the relationship between FAPAR and NDVI","volume":"49","author":"Myneni","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4374","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2334332","article-title":"Analysis of NDVI data for crop identification and yield estimation","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.01.007","article-title":"Forecasting crop yield using remotely sensed vegetation indices and crop phenology metrics","volume":"173","author":"Bolton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.09.019","article-title":"Development of spectral indices for detecting and identifying plant diseases","volume":"128","author":"Mahlein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Mulders, M.A. (1987). Remote Sensing in Soil Science, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lausch, A., Baade, J., Bannehr, L., Borg, E., Bumberger, J., Chabrilliat, S., Dietrich, P., Gerighausen, H., Gl\u00e4sser, C., and Hacker, J.M. (2019). Linking remote sensing and geodiversity and their traits relevant to biodiversity\u2014Part I: Soil characteristics. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202356"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Atmospheric correction algorithm: Spectral reflectances (MOD09)","volume":"4","author":"Vermote","year":"1999","journal-title":"ATBD Version"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.07.020","article-title":"Uncertainties of LAI estimation from satellite imaging due to atmospheric correction","volume":"153","author":"Mannschatz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.812910","article-title":"Estimation of forest leaf area index using vegetation indices derived from Hyperion hyperspectral data","volume":"41","author":"Gong","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1178591","article-title":"Earth System Research Priorities","volume":"325","author":"Reid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1179117","article-title":"Monitoring Earth\u2019s critical zone","volume":"326","author":"Richter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teucher, M., Th\u00fcrkow, D., Alb, P., and Conrad, C. (2022). Digital In Situ Data Collection in Earth Observation, Monitoring and Agriculture\u2014Progress towards Digital Agriculture. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14020393"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Gerighausen, H., Borg, E., Fichtelmann, B., G\u00fcnther, A., Vajen, H.H., Wloczyk, C., and Maass, H. (2008, January 16\u201318). Validation and calibration of remote sensing data products on test site DEMMIN. Proceedings of the 43. Ziolkowski Conference, 43. Ziolkowski Conference, Kaluga, Russia."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Borg, E., Schiller, C., Daedelow, H., Fichtelmann, B., Jahncke, D., Renke, F., Tamm, H.P., and Asche, H. (July, January 30). Automated generation of value-added products for the validation of remote sensing information based on in-situ data. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"G\u00f6tze, M., Kattanek, W., Peukert, R., Chervakova, E., T\u00f6pfer, H., Dietrich, P., Bumberger, J., of Electrical, I., and Engineers, E. (2013, January 18\u201320). A flexible service and communication gateway for monitoring applications. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM), Split-Primosten, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00f6pfer, H., Chervakova, E., Goetze, M., Hutschenreuther, T., Nikoli\u0107, B., and Dimitrijevi\u0107, B. (2015, January 24\u201326). Application of wireless sensors within a traffic monitoring system. Proceedings of the 2015 23rd Telecommunications Forum Telfor (TELFOR), Belgrade, Serbia.","DOI":"10.1109\/TELFOR.2015.7377456"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Shelby, Z., and Bormann, C. (2011). 6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and Culler, D. (2007). Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15. 4 Networks. RFC Ser. 4944.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc4944"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mills, D. (1996). Simple network time protocol (SNTP) version 4 for IPv4, IPv6 and OSI. RFC Ser. 2030.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc2030"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agre, J.R., Clare, L.P., Pottie, G.J., and Romanov, N.P. (1999, January 8\u20139). Development platform for self-organizing wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the Unattended Ground Sensor Technologies and Applications, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.357141"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.01.011","article-title":"Quantum sensors for accurate and stable long-term photosynthetically active radiation observations","volume":"237","author":"Akitsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2023, September 09). Sentinel-2A Launches\u2014Our Compliments & Our Complements, Available online: https:\/\/landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov\/article\/sentinel-2a-launches-our-compliments-our-complements\/."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"European Space Agency (2023, September 09). SENTINEL-2 MISSION GUIDE. Available online: https:\/\/sentinels.copernicus.eu\/web\/sentinel\/missions\/sentinel-2."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.09.026","article-title":"Sentinels for science: Potential of Sentinel-1,-2, and-3 missions for scientific observations of ocean, cryosphere, and land","volume":"120","author":"Rott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00210-3","article-title":"Unified approach to absolute radiometric calibration in the solar-reflective range","volume":"77","author":"Slater","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2228007","article-title":"Applications of spectral band adjustment factors (SBAF) for cross-calibration","volume":"51","author":"Chander","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khakurel, P., Leigh, L., Kaewmanee, M., and Pinto, C.T. (2021). Extended Pseudo Invariant Site-Based Trend-to-Trend Cross-Calibration of Optical Satellite Sensors. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081545"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.03.003","article-title":"Impacts of spectral band difference effects on radiometric cross-calibration between satellite sensors in the solar-reflective spectral domain","volume":"110","author":"Teillet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024048429145","article-title":"The solar spectral irradiance from 200 to 2400 nm as measured by the SOLSPEC spectrometer from the ATLAS and EURECA missions","volume":"214","author":"Thuillier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"European Space Agency (2023, September 09). Sentinel-2 Spectral Response Functions (S2-SRF), Technical Document S2-SRF_COPE-GSEG-EOPG-TN-15-0007_3.1. Available online: https:\/\/sentinels.copernicus.eu\/web\/sentinel\/user-guides\/sentinel-2-msi\/document-library\/-\/asset_publisher\/Wk0TKajiISaR\/content\/sentinel-2a-spectral-responses."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2375381","article-title":"In situ calibration of light sensors for long-term monitoring of vegetation","volume":"53","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1127\/pfg\/2016\/0303","article-title":"Important variables of a rapideye time series for modelling biophysical parameters of winter wheat","volume":"2016","author":"Dahms","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photogramm.-Fernerkund.-Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90106-X","article-title":"Huete, AR A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). Remote Sensing of Environment","volume":"25","author":"Huete","year":"1988","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(93)06963-4","article-title":"Quantitative estimation of chlorophyll-a using reflectance spectra: Experiments with autumn chestnut and maple leaves","volume":"22","author":"Gitelson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2011.02.028","article-title":"A review of remote sensing methods for biomass feedstock production","volume":"35","author":"Ahamed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)00114-3","article-title":"Estimating PAR absorbed by vegetation from bidirectional reflectance measurements","volume":"51","author":"Roujean","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Astropy Collaboration, Price-Whelan, A.M., Lim, P.L., Earl, N., Starkman, N., Bradley, L., Shupe, D.L., Patil, A.A., Corrales, L., and Brasseur, C.E. (2022). The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package. Astrophys. J., 935, 167.","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac7c74"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"173","article-title":"A rank-invariant method of linear and polynomial regression analysis","volume":"12","author":"Theil","year":"1950","journal-title":"Indag. Math."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1968.10480934","article-title":"Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall\u2019s tau","volume":"63","author":"Sen","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-013-0369-9","article-title":"Estimating minimum and maximum air temperature using MODIS data over Indo-Gangetic Plain","volume":"122","author":"Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.02.025","article-title":"Estimation of diurnal air temperature using MSG SEVIRI data in West Africa","volume":"110","author":"Stisen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29651","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01327","article-title":"Biospheric environmental monitoring at BOREAS with AVHRR observations","volume":"102","author":"Czajkowski","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.08.010","article-title":"Air temperature estimation with MSG-SEVIRI data: Calibration and validation of the TVX algorithm for the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"115","author":"Nieto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14079","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71014079","article-title":"The Impact of Sunlight Conditions on the Consistency of Vegetation Indices in Croplands\u2014Effective Usage of Vegetation Indices from Continuous Ground-Based Spectral Measurements","volume":"7","author":"Ishihara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2006.0370c","article-title":"Application of spectral remote sensing for agronomic decisions","volume":"100","author":"Hatfield","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.01.026","article-title":"PROSPECT+ SAIL models: A review of use for vegetation characterization","volume":"113","author":"Jacquemoud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(85)90072-0","article-title":"Earth observation modeling based on layer scattering matrices","volume":"17","author":"Verhoef","year":"1985","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"145","article-title":"A review of hyperspectral remote sensing and its application in vegetation and water resource studies","volume":"33","author":"Govender","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Sa"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.11.007","article-title":"The ASTER spectral library version 2.0","volume":"113","author":"Baldridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.5589\/m11-002","article-title":"A suitable vegetation index for quantifying temporal variation of leaf area index (LAI) in semiarid mixed grassland","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)00110-9","article-title":"Dependence of NDVI and SAVI on sun\/sensor geometry and its effect on fAPAR relationships in Alfalfa","volume":"51","author":"Epiphanio","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Holzer-Popp, T., Bittner, M., Borg, E., Dech, S., Erbertseder, T., Fichtelmann, B., and Schroedter, M. (2002). Process for Correcting Atmospheric Influences in Multispectral Optical Remote Sensing. (No. 6,484,099 B1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-7-2297-2010","article-title":"Land use affects the net ecosystem CO2 exchange and its components in mountain grasslands","volume":"7","author":"Schmitt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7165326","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7165326","article-title":"Improved Vegetation Profiles with GOCI Imagery Using Optimized BRDF Composite","volume":"2016","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2013.781285","article-title":"Diurnal variation of NDVI from an unprecedented high-resolution geostationary ocean colour satellite","volume":"4","author":"Uudus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(03)00077-5","article-title":"Inferring the location of catchment characteristic soil moisture monitoring sites. Covariance structures in the temporal domain","volume":"280","author":"Thierfelder","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12717","article-title":"Historical foundations and future directions in macrosystems ecology","volume":"20","author":"Rose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1","article-title":"MOSES: A novel observation system to monitor dynamic events across Earth compartments","volume":"103","author":"Weber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2007)5[59:NAHDNE]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"NEON: A hierarchically designed national ecological network","volume":"5","author":"Schimel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.05.170","article-title":"The Australian SuperSite Network: A continental, long-term terrestrial ecosystem observatory","volume":"568","author":"Karan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/19\/4663\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:56:18Z","timestamp":1760129778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/19\/4663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15194663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15194663","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]}}}