{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T21:41:04Z","timestamp":1769636464616,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007128","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-JC-QN-0329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007128","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-JC-QN-0292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007128","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-JC-QN-0296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007128","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42104061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007128","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XH23059YA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH23059YA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-JC-QN-0329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-JC-QN-0292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-JC-QN-0296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42104061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XH23059YA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH23059YA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spark Programs of Earthquake Sciences granted by the China Earthquake Administration","award":["2023-JC-QN-0329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0329"]}]},{"name":"Spark Programs of Earthquake Sciences granted by the China Earthquake Administration","award":["2023-JC-QN-0292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0292"]}]},{"name":"Spark Programs of Earthquake Sciences granted by the China Earthquake Administration","award":["2023-JC-QN-0296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0296"]}]},{"name":"Spark Programs of Earthquake Sciences granted by the China Earthquake Administration","award":["42104061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104061"]}]},{"name":"Spark Programs of Earthquake Sciences granted by the China Earthquake Administration","award":["XH23059YA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH23059YA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The East Kunlun fault zone (EKFZ), located northeast of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau, has experienced several strong earthquakes of magnitude seven or above since 1900. It is one of the most active fault systems and is characterized by left-lateral strike-slip. However, the Xidatan\u2013Dongdatan segment (XDS) of the East Kunlun fault zone (EKFZ) has had no earthquakes for many years, and the Kunlun Mountains MS 8.1 earthquake has a stress loading effect on this segment, so it is widely regarded as a high-risk earthquake gap. To this end, we collected the Sentinel-1 data of the XDS of the EKFZ from July 2014 to July 2019 and obtained the high-precision interseismic deformation field by the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique to obtain the slip rate and locking depth of the XDS of the EKFZ, and the seismic potential of the segment was analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) The LOS deformation field of the XDS of the EKFZ was obtained using Sentinel-1 data of ascending and descending orbits, which indicated that the XDS of the EKFZ is dominated by horizontal motion. Combined with the interference results, it is shown that the strike-slip rate dominates the deformation information of the XDS of the EKFZ. The deep strike-slip rate of the fault is about 6 mm\/yr, the deep dip-slip rate is about 2 mm\/yr, and the slip-deficit rate on the fault surface is about 6 mm\/yr; (2) Combined with the spiral dislocation theory model, the slip rate of the XDS to Xiugou Basin of the EKFZ has a gradually increasing trend, with an average slip rate of 9.6 \u00b1 2.3 mm\/yr and a locking depth of 29 \u00b1 5 m; (3) The stress accumulation is about 483 \u00b1 92 years in the XDS of the EKFZ, indicating that the cumulative elastic strain energy of the XDS can produce an MW 7.29 \u00b1 0.1 earthquake in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:46:21Z","timestamp":1695552381000},"page":"4666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Study of the Interseismic Deformation and Locking Depth along the Xidatan\u2013Dongdatan Segment of the East Kunlun Fault Zone, Northeast Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau, Based on Sentinel-1 Interferometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, 316 Xiying Road, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingyun","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, 316 Xiying Road, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, 316 Xiying Road, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4859-4365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanjin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, 316 Xiying Road, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, 316 Xiying Road, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, 316 Xiying Road, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, 316 Xiying Road, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengyun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, 316 Xiying Road, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Qinghai Earthquake Agency, China Earthquake Administration, and Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration (1999). The East Kunlun Active Fault Belt, (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"60","article-title":"Paleoearthquake studies on the Eastern section of The Kunlun Fault","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Seismol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1012","article-title":"Research on holocene paleoearthquakes on the Xidatan segment of the East Kunlun fault zone in Northern Tibet","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Quat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"146","article-title":"Ancient earthquake research of east Kunlun fault zone","volume":"28","author":"Xia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5438.272","article-title":"Evidence of Nonlinear Elasticity of the Crust from the Mw7.6 Manyi (Tibet) Earthquake","volume":"286","author":"Peltzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Xu, X.W. (2000). 1999 China Earthquake Yearbook, Seismological Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"103","article-title":"Investigation of Historical Earthquakes, Paleo-earthquakes and Seismic Gap in the Eastern Kunlun Fautl Zone","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earthqauke"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"27","article-title":"Late quaternary paleoseismic history on the Kusai Lake segment of East Kunlun Fautl zone in northern Tibet","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Quat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"214","article-title":"Late quaternary seismic history on the Xidatan segment of East Kunlun Fault zone in northern Tibet","volume":"28","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Quat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"58","article-title":"Repeating Intervals and Potentials of Earthquakes in the Eastern Kunlun Fault Zone","volume":"38","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earthquake"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"4643","article-title":"Comprehensive determination for the late stage of the interseismic period of major faults in the boundary zone of active tectonic blocks in Chinese mainland","volume":"65","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"3829","article-title":"Ten-years probability of strong earthquakes on major faults in boundaries of active blocks in Chinese continent","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2010.12.014","article-title":"Partitioning of localized and diffuse deformation in the Tibetan Plateau from joint inversions of geologic and geodetic observations","volume":"303","author":"Loveless","year":"2011","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1767","article-title":"GPS-Constrained Inversion of Slip Rate on Majior Active Faults in the Northeastern Margin of Tibet Plateau","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Sci.-J. China Univ. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"356","article-title":"Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central 600 km of the Kunlun Fault (Tibet), from 26Al, 10Be, and 14C dating of riser offsets, and climatic origin of the regional morphology","volume":"3","author":"Jerome","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"30","article-title":"Characteristics of the activity of the Maqu segment of the East Kunlun active fault belt and its eastward extension","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geol. Bull. China"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C2010","DOI":"10.1029\/2006TC002033","article-title":"Slip rate gradients along the eastern Kunlun fault","volume":"26","author":"Kirby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL033073","article-title":"Fluvial terrace riser degradation and determination of slip rates on strike-slip faults: An example from the Kunlun fault, China","volume":"35","author":"Harkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2021.104703","article-title":"Interseismic slip rate and locking along the Maqin\u2013Maqu Segment of the East Kunlun Fault, Northern Tibetan Plateau, based on Sentinel-1 images","volume":"211","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"S809","article-title":"Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Parameter inversion of the 1997 Mani earthquake from InSAR coseismic deformation field based on linear elastic dislocation model-I. Uniform slip inversion","volume":"50","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1020","article-title":"Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China","volume":"32","author":"Deng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B05316","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JB003488","article-title":"Reevaluation of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the 2001 Kunlunshan earthquake (Mw 7.8), northern Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"111","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1655","article-title":"Coseismic surface rupture and seismogenic structure of the 2021-05-22 Maduo (Qinghai) MS 7.4 earthquake","volume":"95","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Geol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"139","article-title":"Interseismic slip rate of the northwestern Xianshuihe fault from InSAR data","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"74","article-title":"Test on InSAR atmospheric delay correction using ECMWF model","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Guangdong Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GC006246","article-title":"Potential and limits of InSAR to characterize interseismic deformation independently of GPS data: Application to the southern San Andreas Fault system","volume":"17","author":"Chaussard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL072663","article-title":"Applicability of Sentinel-1 Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans multitemporal interferometry for monitoring slow ground motions in the San Francisco Bay Area","volume":"44","author":"Shirzaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Ji, L., Zhu, L., and Zhao, C. (2018). InSAR-Constrained Interseismic Deformation and Potential Seismogenic Asperities on the Altyn Tagh Fault at 91.5\u201395\u00b0E, Northern Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060943"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Ji, L., Liu, C., Xu, J., Liu, X., Liu, L., and Zhao, Q. (2022). The 8 January 2022, Menyuan Earthquake in Qinghai, China: A Representative Event in the Qilian-Haiyuan Fault Zone Observed Using Sentinel-1 SAR Images. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236078"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1974.9516","article-title":"Synthetic interferometer radar for topographic mapping","volume":"62","author":"Graham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1785\/0120090253","article-title":"Coseismic Slip Distribution of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake from Joint Inversion of GPS and InSAR Data","volume":"100","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.09.029","article-title":"The Sentinel-1 mission for the improvement of the scientific understanding and the operational monitoring of the seismic cycle","volume":"120","author":"Salvi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1785\/0120110264","article-title":"The 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku Earthquake: Comparison of GPS and Strong-Motion Data","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"2179","article-title":"Acquisition of Three Dimensional Deformation Field of Bam Earthquake","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/364138a0","article-title":"The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry","volume":"364","author":"Massonnet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ETG 4-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000471","article-title":"Magmatic inflation at a dormant stratovolcano: 1996-1998 activity at Mount Peulik volcano, Alaska, revealed by satellite radar interferometry","volume":"107","author":"Lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"2339","article-title":"Coseismic slip of the 2014 Mw 6.1 Napa, California Earthquke revealed by Sentinel-1 A InSAR","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"151","article-title":"Coseismic deformation field of the Nepal Ms 8.1 earthquake from Sentinel-1 A InSAR data fault slip inversion","volume":"60","author":"Qu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"4069","article-title":"InSAR observation and inversion of the seismogenic fault for the 2017 Jiuzhaigou MS 7.0 earthquake in China","volume":"60","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-19-2229-2019","article-title":"InSAR technique applied to the monitoring of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hazard. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"108","article-title":"Landslide Monitoring of Wuming Mountain in Jizhou, Tianjin based on DInSAR and Precise Leveling","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Catast."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2022.01.042","article-title":"Research on deformation characteristics of the 2021 Qinghai Maduo MS7.4 earthquake through coseismic dislocation inversion","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1029\/2015EO023967","article-title":"Earthquake monitoring gets boost from new satellite","volume":"96","author":"Elliott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eos"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2015.05.018","article-title":"Source parameters of the 2014 Mw 6.1 South Napa earthquake estimated from the Sentinel 1A, COSMO-SkyMed and GPS data","volume":"655","author":"Guangcai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggv335","article-title":"Geodetic model of the 2015 April 25 Mw 7.8 Gorkha Nepal Earthquake and Mw 7.3 aftershock estimated from InSAR and GPS data","volume":"203","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076421","article-title":"The 2017 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake: A Complicated Event Occurred in a Young Fault System","volume":"45","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35025-y","article-title":"Audit of stored strain energy and extent of future earthquake rupture in central Himalaya","volume":"8","author":"Sreejith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123711","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2023.1123711","article-title":"Present-day kinematics and seismic potential of the Ganzi-Yushu fault, eastern Tibetan plateau, constrained from InSAR","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Werner, C., Wegm\u00fcller, U., Strozzi, T., and Wiesmann, A. (2000). GAMMA SAR and interferometric processing software. Gothenburg, 16\u201320."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012850","article-title":"Measurement of interseismic strain accumulation across the North Anatolian Fault by satellite radar interferometry","volume":"28","author":"Wright","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7547","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03804","article-title":"Atmospheric effects in interferometric synthetic aperture radar surface deformation and topographic maps","volume":"102","author":"Zebker","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2007.03415.x","article-title":"Multi-interferogram method for measuring interseismic deformation: Denali Fault, Alaska","volume":"170","author":"Biggs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B1","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JB001831","article-title":"Fault creep along the southern San Andreas from interferometric synthetic aperture radar, permanent scatterers, and stacking","volume":"108","author":"Lyons","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044452748-6\/00059-6","article-title":"Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Geodesy","volume":"3","author":"Simons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Treatise Geophys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821761","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2022.821761","article-title":"Current Slip and Strain Rate Distribution Along the Ganzi-Yushu-Xianshuihe Fault System Based on InSAR and GPS Observations","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.S., Zhang, J.F., Luo, Y., and Gong, L.X. (2013). InSAR deformation time series analysis using Small-Baseline Approach. 2013 Int. Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp., 1352\u20131355.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2013.6723033"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1029\/JB078i005p00832","article-title":"Geodetic Determination of Relative Plate Motion in Central California","volume":"78","author":"Savage","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12661","DOI":"10.1029\/JB091iB12p12661","article-title":"Dislocation Model for Aseismic Crustal Deforamtion at Hollister, California","volume":"91","author":"Jackson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2007.03371.x","article-title":"Fault locking, block rotation and crustal deformation in the Pacific Northwest","volume":"169","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B3","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JB003209","article-title":"Block models of crustal motion in southern California constrained by GPS measurements","volume":"110","author":"Meade","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1785\/0120090088","article-title":"Block Modeling with Connected Fault-Network Geometries and a Linear Elastic Coupling Estimator in Spherical Coordinates","volume":"99","author":"Meade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B12","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JB007703","article-title":"New methods for estimating the spatial distribution of locked asperities and stress-driven interseismic creep on faults with application to the San Francisco Bay Area, California","volume":"115","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011492","article-title":"Geodetic imaging of potential seismogenic asperities on the Xianshuihe-Anninghe-Zemuhe fault system, southwest China, with a new 3-D viscoelastic interseismic coupling model","volume":"120","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2016.08.021","article-title":"Geometry and late Pleistocene slip rates of the Liangdang-Jiangluo fault in the western Qinling mountains, NW China","volume":"687","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JB003397","article-title":"Distribution of aseismic slip rate on the Hayward fault inferred from seismic and geodetic data","volume":"110","author":"Schmidt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2016.05.028","article-title":"Estimation of coupling along the Main Himalayan Thrust in the central Himalaya","volume":"133","author":"Jouanne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1130\/G22924A.1","article-title":"Present-day kinematics at the India-Asia collision zone","volume":"35","author":"Meade","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8276","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JB013121","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations in creep rate along the El Pilar fault at the Caribbean-South American plate boundary (Venezuela), from InSAR","volume":"121","author":"Pathier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062222","article-title":"Aseismic slip and seismogenic coupling along the central San Andreas Fault","volume":"42","author":"Jolivet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011483","article-title":"Geodetic exploration of strain along the El Pilar Fault in northeastern Venezuela","volume":"120","author":"Reinoza","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09349","article-title":"2010 Maule earthquake slip correlates with pre-seismic locking of Andean subduction zone","volume":"467","author":"Moreno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19355","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000194","article-title":"Modeling surface deformation observed with synthetic aperture radar interferometry at Campi Flegrei caldera","volume":"106","author":"Lundgren","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1029\/1998GL900033","article-title":"Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications","volume":"25","author":"Goldstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2001)029<0975:TSAAFI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Transient strain accumulation and fault interaction in the Eastern California shear zone","volume":"29","author":"Peltzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B8","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004258","article-title":"An aseismic slip pulse in northern Chile and along-strike variations in seismogenic behavior","volume":"111","author":"Pritchard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5215","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010909","article-title":"Constraining crustal velocity fields with InSAR for Eastern Turkey: Limits to the block-like behavior of Eastern Anatolia","volume":"119","author":"Walters","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9290","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JB014465","article-title":"Crustal Deformation in the India-Eurasia Collision Zone From 25 Years of GPS Measurements","volume":"122","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5071","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50348","article-title":"Broadscale interseismic deformation and fault slip rates in the central Tibetan Plateau observed using InSAR","volume":"118","author":"Garthwaite","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.03.043","article-title":"Characterizing interseismic deformation of the Xianshuihe fault, eastern Tibetan Plateau, using Sentinel-1 SAR images","volume":"66","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL011292","article-title":"Uniform Slip-Rate along the Kunlun Fault: Implications for seismic behaviour and large-scale tectonics","volume":"27","author":"Ryerson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolivet, R., Lasserre, C., Doin, M.P., Guillaso, S., Peltzer, G., Dailu, R., Sun, J., Shen, Z.K., and Xu, X. (2012). Shallow creep on the Haiyuan Fault (Gansu, China) revealed by SAR Interferometry. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB008732"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010626","article-title":"LITHO1.0: An updated crust and lithospheric model of the Earth","volume":"119","author":"Pasyanos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019GL086424","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL086424","article-title":"Segmentation of the Main Himalayan Thrust Illuminated by Bayesian Inference of Interseismic Coupling","volume":"47","author":"Jolivet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2020.116404","article-title":"Ice loss in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau permafrost as seen by 16 yr of ESA SAR missions","volume":"545","author":"Daout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JB018774","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB018774","article-title":"Present-Day Crustal Deformation of Continental China Derived From GPS and Its Tectonic Implications","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5722","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010503","article-title":"Three-dimensional velocity field of present-day crustal motion of the Tibetan Plateau derived from GPS measurements","volume":"118","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.1785\/0120220012","article-title":"Airborne LiDAR-Based Mapping of Surface Ruptures and Coseismic Slip of the 1955 Zheduotang Earthquake on the Xianshuihe Fault, East Tibet","volume":"112","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"England, P., and Molnar, P. (2005). Late Quaternary to decadal velocity fields in Asia. J. Geophys. Res., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JB003541"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., and Wright, T.J. (2012). Satellite geodetic imaging reveals internal deformation of western Tibet. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL051222"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Deng, Q.D., Ran, Y.K., Yang, X.P., Min, W., and Chu, Q.Z. (2007). Active Structure Map of China (1:400,000), Seismological Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/cjg2.432","article-title":"Viscoelastic triggering among large earthquakes along the East Kunlun Fault system","volume":"46","author":"Shen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"2221","article-title":"Influence of the 1947 Dari M7.7 earthquake on stress evolution along the boundary fault of the Bayan Har block: Insights from numerical simulation","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nhres.2021.06.003","article-title":"Coulomb stress changes associated with the M7.3 Maduo earthquake and implications for seismic hazards","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hazard Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eqrea.2021.100046","article-title":"Finite element simulation of stress change for the MS7.4 Madoi earthquake and implications for regional seismic hazards","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earthq. Res. Adv."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(80)90134-X","article-title":"Earthquake doublets in the Solomon Islands","volume":"21","author":"Lay","year":"1980","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characteristic features of the surface ruptures of the Hou Saihu (Kunlun Shan) earthquake (MS 8.1) northern Tibetan plateau, China","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Seismol. Geol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1785\/0120040176","article-title":"New Constraints on Recent Large Earthquakes along the Xidatan-Dongdatan Segment of the Kunlun Fault, Western China","volume":"96","author":"Guo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"285","article-title":"Holocene earthquake deformation zones and their displacement and slip rate along the XIdatan-Dongdatan of Kusaihu-Maqu fault in northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau","volume":"15","author":"Ren","year":"1993","journal-title":"Seismol. Geol."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"921","article-title":"Late quaternary structural deformation and tectono-geomorphic features along the Xiugou Basin segment, Eastern Kunlun fault zone","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1988.0133","article-title":"Quaternary and active faulting observed on the 1985 Academia Sinica-Royal Society Geotraverse of Tibet","volume":"327","author":"Kidd","year":"1988","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(00)00057-X","article-title":"Quaternary geomorphological evolution of the Kunlun Pass area and uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau","volume":"36","author":"Yongqiu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geomorphology"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/19\/4666\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:56:41Z","timestamp":1760129801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/19\/4666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15194666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15194666","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]}}}