{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:12:54Z","timestamp":1774631574283,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jorge Basadre Grohmann National University","award":["4516-2018-UNJBG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4516-2018-UNJBG"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the temporal variations of black carbon (BC) were analyzed from November 2019 to September 2021, in Tacna, Peru. Ground measurements obtained with a photoacoustic extinctiometer (PAX BC) and NASA\u2019s MERRA-2 reanalysis data (MERRA-2 BC) were used. The seasonal concentrations of PAX BC (mean \u00b1 standard deviation) were as follows: 0.70 \u00b1 0.35, 0.73 \u00b1 0.46, 0.70 \u00b1 0.39, and 0.85 \u00b1 0.46 \u00b5g m\u22123, for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively; while MERRA-2 BC values were 0.12 \u00b1 0.11, 0.06 \u00b1 0.02, 0.06 \u00b1 0.02, and 0.11 \u00b1 0.06 \u00b5g m\u22123, for the same seasons. We found a large discrepancy between these two techniques, as the PAX BC measurements were an order of magnitude higher than the MERRA-2 BC values. In addition, MERRA-2 did not record urban pollution events and did not present the BC weekend effect. The most frequent wind direction (81%) was from the southwest and the sources of greatest contamination were located to the northeast and southeast. The Mann\u2013Kendall test confirmed a downward trend in PAX BC one week (37%) and two weeks (30%) after the start of the COVID-19 lockdown, and no trend in MERRA-2 BC. These results suggest that MERRA-2 underestimates the BC emissions from local sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T02:31:29Z","timestamp":1695695489000},"page":"4702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Black Carbon in a City of the Atacama Desert before and after the Start of the COVID-19 Lockdown: Ground Measurements and MERRA-2 Reanalysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0879-7467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael N.","family":"Li\u00f1\u00e1n-Abanto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Av. Miraflores s\/n, Tacna 230003, Peru"}]},{"given":"William Patrick","family":"Arnott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA"}]},{"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Paredes-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Ramos-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Atm\u00f3sfera y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Circuito Exterior s\/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6923-111X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dara","family":"Salcedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigaci\u00f3n Juriquilla, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Col. Juriquilla, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Torres-Muro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Av. Miraflores s\/n, Tacna 230003, Peru"}]},{"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Li\u00f1\u00e1n-Abanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Av. Miraflores s\/n, Tacna 230003, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4929-4620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Carabali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geof\u00edsica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Circuito Exterior s\/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press. 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