{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:35:01Z","timestamp":1783607701245,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017691","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GuikeAB22035060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GuikeAB22035060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017691","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42171291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171291"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017691","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42171370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017691","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZDYF2020192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2020192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["GuikeAB22035060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GuikeAB22035060"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42171291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171291"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42171370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171370"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZDYF2020192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2020192"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program Projects in Hainan Province","award":["GuikeAB22035060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GuikeAB22035060"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program Projects in Hainan Province","award":["42171291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171291"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program Projects in Hainan Province","award":["42171370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171370"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program Projects in Hainan Province","award":["ZDYF2020192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2020192"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantifying the progress and interactions of the 11 indicators of Sustainable Development Goal 11 plays a crucial role in improving urban living and promoting urban prosperity. SDG 11, focused on sustainable cities and communities, employs forward-thinking strategies to address challenges arising from urban prosperity and development, such as land scarcity and resource shortages. This paper positions the indicators of SDG 11, analyzing the patterns, trends, dynamics, and issues of urbanization development in Guilin using a combination of geospatial satellite resource data and categorical statistical data. The study introduces a framework and positioning method for assessing sustainable development at the city\u2013county scale, exploring the current state, spatial aggregation, synergies, and trade-offs in the development of Guilin City. The study introduces a framework and positioning method for assessing sustainable development at the city\u2013county scale. Utilizing a localized evaluation system, it explores the developmental status of Guilin City. The application of Moran\u2019s Index observes spatial aggregation among entities. By investigating Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficient, it delves into the interplay of synergies and trade-offs within the studied region. Ultimately, it reveals significant disparities in the developmental landscape of the evaluated area, with a comprehensive spatial distribution indicating higher levels of development in the central and western regions and lower levels in the southeastern part. Strengthened cross-leverage and coordination are imperative to address the interconnections and harmonization of the developmental trends of the six synergistic indicators and nine trade-off indicators during the developmental process. The sustainable development of Guilin lays the groundwork for urban planning, construction, conservation, and management, positioning it as a potential model for successful sustainable development practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T03:49:14Z","timestamp":1695786554000},"page":"4722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comprehensive Assessment of Sustainable Development Goal 11 at the Sub-City Scale: A Case Study of Guilin City"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianyun","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3219-0542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongchang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Research Institute, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Sanya 572029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Physics, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"General Assembly of the United Nations (2022, July 21). A\/RES\/70\/1: Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 2015. Available online: https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/2030agenda."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s42949-021-00032-y","article-title":"An assessment of urbanization sustainability in China between 1990 and 2015 using land use efficiency indicators","volume":"1","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Urban Sustain."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, S., Lopes, J.M., Travassos, M., Paiva, M., Cardoso, I., Peixoto, B., and Duarte, C. (2023). Strategic Organizational Sustainability in the Age of Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151310053"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Huang, C., Feng, Y., Zhao, M., and Gu, J. (2020). Using Earth Observation for Monitoring SDG 11.3.1-Ratio of Land Consumption Rate to Population Growth Rate in Mainland China. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030357"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ritchie, H., and Roser, M.U. (2022, September 15). Our World in Data. Available online: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/urbanization."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"113650","article-title":"Reexamining the relationships among urbanization, industrial structure, and environmental pollution in China\u2014New evidence using the dynamic threshold panel model","volume":"254","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"UN-Habitat (2023, February 11). Module 3 Indicator 11.3.1 Land Consumption Rate to Population Growth Rate. Available online: https:\/\/www.unescap.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Module%203_Land%20Consumption%20Rate%20to%20Population%20Growth%20Rate%20for%20indicator%2011.3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravanelli, R., Nascetti, A., Cirigliano, R.V., Di Rico, C., Leuzzi, G., Monti, P., and Crespi, M. (2018). Monitoring the Impact of Land Cover Change on Surface Urban Heat Island through Google Earth Engine: Proposal of a Global Methodology, First Applications and Problems. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091488"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, M., Lu, L., Guo, H., Weng, Q., Cao, S., Zhang, S., and Li, Q. (2021). Urban Sprawl and Changes in Land-Use Efficiency in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, China from 2000 to 2020: A Spatiotemporal Analysis Using Earth Observation Data. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13152850"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2013.06.005","article-title":"Analysis of sustainable urban development approaches in China","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-012-5235-7","article-title":"China\u2019s urban expansion from 1990 to 2010 determined with satellite remote sensing","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Cai, G., and Sun, Z. (2021). Urban Land-Use Efficiency Analysis by Integrating LCRPGR and Additional Indicators. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132413518"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2021.01.012","article-title":"Big Earth Data: A practice of sustainability science to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"66","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2022, July 23). SDG Index the Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020. Available online: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2022, July 23). SDG Index and Dashboards Report for European Cities. Available online: https:\/\/www.sdgindex.org\/reports\/sdg-index-and-dashboards-report-for-european-cities\/."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2018.06.004","article-title":"A policy nexus approach to forests and the SDGs: Tradeoffs and synergies","volume":"34","author":"Timko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2022, July 23). The State Council on the Construction of the National Sustainable Development Agenda Innovation Demonstration Zone, Available online: https:\/\/english.www.gov.cn\/policies\/latestreleases\/202207\/15\/content_WS62d135c5c6d02e533532e04b.html."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishtiaque, A., Masrur, A., Rabby, Y.W., Jerin, T., and Dewan, A. (2020). Remote Sensing-Based Research for Monitoring Progress towards SDG 15 in Bangladesh: A Review. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040691"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"473","article-title":"Measuring regional progress towards SDGs by combining geospatial and statistical information","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"784","article-title":"Progresson Sustainable City Assessment Index System for SDGs","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"295","article-title":"Connotation and Evaluation Index System of Beautiful China for SDGs","volume":"34","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Sun, Z., Xing, Q., Sun, J., Xia, T., and Yu, H. (2021). Localizing Indicators of SDG11 for an Integrated Assessment of Urban Sustainability\u2014A Case Study of Hainan Province. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su131911092"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-2751(97)00002-4","article-title":"Developing sustainable urban development models","volume":"14","author":"Haughton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1264","article-title":"Aspirations and realities of polycentric development: Insights from multi-source data into the emerging urban form of Shanghai","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Plan."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.106097","article-title":"An urban hierarchy-based approach integrating ecosystem services into multiscale sustainable land use planning: The case of China","volume":"178","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"The State Council of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2023, February 10). The Plan for the Construction of Innovation Demonstration Zones for the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/2016-12\/13\/content_5147412.htm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2015.10.028","article-title":"Defining a Global Urban Development Agenda","volume":"78","author":"Parnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Google Earth Engine (2023, May 15). Dataset. Available online: https:\/\/developers.google.cn\/earth-engine\/datasets."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group (2022, August 24). China Regional Estimates (V4.CH.03). Available online: http:\/\/fizz.phys.dal.ca\/~{}atmos\/martin\/?Page_id=14026."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/17535069.2016.1275618","article-title":"The New Urban Agenda: Key opportunities and challenges for policy and practice","volume":"10","author":"Caprotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"36","article-title":"Tracking progress towards inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities and human settlements","volume":"10","author":"Habitat","year":"2018","journal-title":"UN Habitat"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations (2022, December 14). World Urbanization Prospects 2018. Available online: https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/Download\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2018.2886288","article-title":"A Hierarchical Multiscale Super-Pixel-Based Classification Method for Extracting Urban Impervious Surface Using Deep Residual Network from WorldView-2 and LiDAR Data","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2019.01.028","article-title":"A Quick Assessment Method to Evaluate Sustainability of Urban Built Environment: Case Studies of Four Large-Sized Chinese Cities","volume":"89","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"36","article-title":"Analysis and evaluation of China\u2019s population and land urbanization based on SDG 11.3.1","volume":"34","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Resour. Intell."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"United Nations Statistics Division (2023, April 12). The Complete Set of Metadata for Indicators. Available online: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/metadata\/files\/SDG-Indicator-metadata.zip."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"United Nations Statistics Division (2022, July 16). Sustainable Development Goals Progress Chart 2021. Available online: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/report\/2021\/progress-Chart-2021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Psara, O., Fonseca, F., Nisiforou, O., and Ramos, R. (2023). Evaluation of Urban Sustainability Based on Transportation and Green Spaces: The Case of Limassol, Cyprus. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151310563"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2021.108081","article-title":"Testing the hypothesis on estimating field maize height and above-ground biomass using tower-based gradient wind data","volume":"264","author":"Xing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x","article-title":"Local Indicators of Spatial Association\u2014LISA","volume":"27","author":"Anselin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103163","article-title":"Land consumption in cities: A comparative study across the globe","volume":"113","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"313","article-title":"Progress and consideration of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) statistical monitoring","volume":"05","author":"Xian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stat. Study"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2015.05.028","article-title":"Sustainable solid waste management practices and perceived cleanliness in a low income city","volume":"49","author":"Permana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2478\/v10117-011-0021-1","article-title":"Comparison of Values of Pearson\u2019s and Spearman\u2019s Correlation Coefficients on the Same Sets of Data","volume":"30","author":"Hauke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quageo"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893876","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.893876","article-title":"Spatial-Temporal Patterns of Network Structure of Human Settlements Competitiveness in Resource-Based Urban Agglomerations","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108366","article-title":"Impacts of Land Use Change on Ecosystem Service Value Based on SDGs Report\u2014Taking Guangxi as an Example","volume":"133","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.103916","article-title":"Evaluation of resources and environmental carrying capacity and its spatial-temporal dynamic evolution: A case study in Shandong Province, China","volume":"82","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.06.172","article-title":"A critical review of selected smart city assessment tools and indicator sets","volume":"233","author":"Sharifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2016.05.003","article-title":"Integrating Ecosystem Services into Spatial Planning\u2014A Spatial Decision Support Tool","volume":"165","author":"Regamey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"615","article-title":"Assessment of spatial\u2013temporal differences of industrial eco-efficiency in the huaihe river economic belt","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Econ."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"71","article-title":"Assessing 40 years of spatial dynamics and patterns in megacities along the Belt and Road region using satellite imagery","volume":"1","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-022-01509-0","article-title":"Using a hybrid Delphi hierarchical process, the development of a holistic index to measure city competitiveness in Malaysia: A case study from Penang Island","volume":"9","author":"Bagheri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Model. Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2023, February 05). Global Urban Monitoring Framework. Available online: https:\/\/data.unhabitat.org\/pages\/urban-monitoring-framework."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/19\/4722\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:59:12Z","timestamp":1760129952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/19\/4722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15194722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15194722","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]}}}