{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T15:30:24Z","timestamp":1773329424390,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Two MODIS sensors onboard the Terra and Aqua spacecraft have been successfully operating for over twenty-three and twenty-one years, respectively, providing the worldwide user community with high-quality imagery and radiometric Earth observations of the land, atmosphere, cryosphere, and oceans. This study provides an assessment of the radiometric calibration stability and consistency of Terra and Aqua MODIS RSB using the L1B from the upcoming Collection 7 release. Several independent vicarious approaches based on measurements from the Libya-4 desert, Dome C, DCC, and SNO are used to assess the calibration stability at the beginning of scan, nadir, and end of scan. Results indicate that both Terra and Aqua RSB are stable to within 1% over their mission periods. Comparison of the normalized reflectances with either a BRDF model or a common reference sensor provides a radiometric assessment of Terra and Aqua calibration consistency. Comparison results show the VIS\/NIR bands are in good agreement around the nadir and at the beginning of the scan for all the approaches. For cases at the end of the scan, the agreement varies depending on the approach but is typically within \u00b12%. The differences observed in the SWIR bands are slightly larger than the VIS\/NIR bands, which are likely due to their high sensitivity to atmospheric conditions and relatively larger electronic crosstalk impact on the Terra instrument.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T07:38:46Z","timestamp":1695800326000},"page":"4730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessment of the Radiometric Calibration Consistency of Reflective Solar Bands between Terra and Aqua MODIS in Upcoming Collection-7 L1B"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Aisheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 10210 Greenbelt Rd., Lanham, MD 20706, USA"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiong","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sciences and Exploration Directorate, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3333-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Angal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 10210 Greenbelt Rd., Lanham, MD 20706, USA"}]},{"given":"Qiaozhen","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 10210 Greenbelt Rd., Lanham, MD 20706, USA"}]},{"given":"Sherry","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 10210 Greenbelt Rd., Lanham, MD 20706, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00084-6","article-title":"An overview of MODIS Land data processing and product status","volume":"83","author":"Justice","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1109\/36.701076","article-title":"An overview of MODIS capabilities for ocean science observations","volume":"36","author":"Esaias","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.808319","article-title":"Aqua: An earth-observing satellite mission to examine water and other climate variables","volume":"41","author":"Parkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2227333","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Clouds Observed by MODIS Onboard the Terra and Aqua Satellites","volume":"51","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6355","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2905792","article-title":"MODIS Reflective Solar Bands On-Orbit Calibration and Performance","volume":"57","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, X., Sun, J., Esposito, J.A., Guenther, B., and Barnes, W.L. (2003). Proceedings Volume 4891, Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.466096"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.813211","article-title":"Vicarious radiometric calibration of EO-1 sensors by reference to high-reflectance ground targets","volume":"41","author":"Biggar","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"290","article-title":"Vicarious calibration of Terra ASTER, MISR, and MODIS","volume":"5542","author":"Thome","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Earth Obs. Syst. IX"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2004)021<0537:PSNOAP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Predicting simultaneous nadir overpasses among polar-orbiting meteorological satellites for intersatellite calibration of radiometers","volume":"21","author":"Cao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701355272","article-title":"Terra and Aqua MODIS inter-comparison of three reflective solar bands using AVHRR onboard the NOAAKLM satellites","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-16-0113.1","article-title":"Improvements to the geostationary visible imager ray-matching calibration algorithm for CERES","volume":"33","author":"Doelling","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"027501","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.16.027501","article-title":"Intercalibration of the reflective solar bands of MODIS and MISR instruments on the Terra platform","volume":"16","author":"Angal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, A., Xiong, X., Bhatt, R., Haney, C., Doelling, D.R., Angal, A., and Mu, Q. (2022). An Assessment of SNPP and NOAA20 VIIRS RSB Calibration Performance in NASA SIPS Reprocessed Collection-2 L1B Data Products. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174134"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4520","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2400928","article-title":"The Radiometric Stability and Scaling of Collection 6 Terra- and Aqua-MODIS VIS, NIR, and SWIR Spectral Bands","volume":"53","author":"Doelling","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2946963","article-title":"Response Versus Scan-Angle Assessment of MODIS Reflective Solar Bands in Collection 6.1 Calibration","volume":"58","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouvet, M., Thome, K., Berthelot, B., Bialek, A., Czapla-Myers, J., Fox, N.P., Goryl, P., Henry, P., Ma, L., and Marcq, S. (2019). RadCalNet: A Radiometric Calibration Network for Earth Observing Imagers Operating in the Visible to Shortwave Infrared Spectral Range. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202401"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, C., Uprety, S., and Blonski, S. (2012, January 22\u201327). Establishing radiometric consistency among VIIRS, MODIS, and AVHRR using SNO and SNOx methods. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6352569"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4330","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2226588","article-title":"Characterization of Terra and Aqua MODIS VIS, NIR, and SWIR Spectral Bands\u2019 Calibration Stability","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-4353-2014","article-title":"Scientific impact of MODIS C5 calibration degradation and C6+ improvements","volume":"7","author":"Lyapustin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-4073-2018","article-title":"Exploring systematic offsets between aerosol products from the two MODIS sensors","volume":"11","author":"Levy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Twedt, K., Aldoretta, E., Angal, A., Chen, H., Geng, X., Li, Y., Mu, Q., Vermeesch, K., and Xiong, X. (2021). Proceedings Volume 11858, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XXV, SPIE."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"037502","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.16.037502","article-title":"Terra and Aqua MODIS collection 7 level 1B algorithm","volume":"16","author":"Angal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2271448","article-title":"Time-Dependent Response Versus Scan Angle for MODIS Reflective Solar Bands","volume":"52","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2767206","article-title":"Improvements in the On-Orbit Response Versus Scan Angle Characterization of the Aqua MODIS Reflective Solar Bands","volume":"56","author":"Angal","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6796","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.006796","article-title":"Cross calibration of ocean-color bands from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer on Terra platform","volume":"47","author":"Kwiatkowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4168","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2689719","article-title":"Assessment of Terra MODIS On-Orbit Polarization Sensitivity Using Pseudoinvariant Desert Sites","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024520","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.16.024520","article-title":"Characterization of the on-orbit response versus scan angle for Terra MODIS SWIR bands in Collection 7","volume":"16","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Teillet, P.M., Barsi, A.J., Chander, G., and Thome, K.J. (2007). Proceedings Volume 6677, Earth Observing Systems XII, SPIE."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.12.003","article-title":"Monitoring on-orbit calibration stability of the Terra MODIS and Landsat 7 ETM+ sensors using pseudo-invariant test sites","volume":"114","author":"Chander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20455","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD01411","article-title":"A bidirectional reflectance model of the Earth\u2019s surface for the correction of remote sensing data","volume":"97","author":"Roujean","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.10.006","article-title":"Surface characterization of the dome concordia area (Antarctica) as a potential satellite calibration site using spot 4\/vegetation instrument","volume":"89","author":"Six","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2008.915603","article-title":"Using a Cold Earth Surface Target to Characterize Long-Term Stability of the MODIS Thermal Emissive Bands","volume":"5","author":"Wenny","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6493","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.496472","article-title":"Deriving an inter-sensor consistent calibration for the AVHRR solar reflectance data record","volume":"31","author":"Heidinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doelling, D.R., Nguyen, L., and Minnis, P. (2004). Proceedings Volume 5542, Earth Observing Systems IX, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.560047"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2225066","article-title":"The Characterization of Deep Convective Clouds as an Invariant Calibration Target and as a Visible Calibration Technique","volume":"51","author":"Doelling","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6042809","article-title":"Initial Stability Assessment of S-NPP VIIRS Reflective Solar Band Calibration Using Invariant Desert and Deep Convective Cloud Targets","volume":"6","author":"Bhatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, Q., Wu, A., Xiong, X., Doelling, D.R., Angal, A., Chang, T., and Bhatt, R. (2017). Optimization of a Deep Convective Cloud Technique in Evaluating the Long-Term Radiometric Stability of MODIS Reflective Solar Bands. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060535"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3975","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3007863","article-title":"Evaluation of NOAA-20 VIIRS Reflective Solar Bands Early On-Orbit Performance Using Daily Deep Convective Clouds Recent Improvements","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.834765","article-title":"Application of deep convective cloud albedo observations to satellite-based study of terrestrial atmosphere: Monitoring stability of space-borne measurements and assessing absorption anomaly","volume":"42","author":"Hu","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, X., Angal, A., Chang, T., Chiang, K., Lei, N., Li, Y., Sun, J., Twedt, K., and Wu, A. (2020). MODIS and VIIRS Calibration and Characterization in Support of Producing Long-Term High-Quality Data Products. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193167"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatt, R., Doelling, D.R., Scarino, B., Haney, C., and Gopalan, A. (2017). Development of Seasonal BRDF Models to Extend the Use of Deep Convective Clouds as Invariant Targets for Satellite SWIR-Band Calibration. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9101061"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25789","DOI":"10.1029\/98JE01898","article-title":"Effect of surface roughness on bidirectional reflectance of Antarctic snow","volume":"103","author":"Warren","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.43.001589","article-title":"Scattering optics of snow","volume":"43","author":"Kokhanovsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twedt, K.A., Angal, A., and Xiong, X. (2018). Proceedings Volume 10764, Earth Observing Systems XXIII, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2528444"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/19\/4730\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:59:39Z","timestamp":1760129979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/19\/4730"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15194730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15194730","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]}}}