{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T23:17:49Z","timestamp":1771456669954,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J2-3056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J2-3056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a photogrammetry-based system for capturing turbulent aerated flow topography in a laboratory environment, especially for complex hydraulic phenomena character-ised by turbulent, non-stationary, and non-homogeneous aerated flows. It consists of ten high-resolution cameras equipped with monochromatic sensors and custom-built LED lights, all synchronised for accurate data acquisition. Post processing involves Structure-from-Motion and Multi-View Stereo techniques to calculate exterior and interior orientation parameters that ensure accurate alignment within a desired coordinate system, and conversion to point clouds. The proposed method showed great potential for capturing free water surface topography of turbulent aerated flows with high spatial and temporal resolution over the entire field of view of the cameras. Due to the unique capabilities of this system, direct comparisons with existing benchmarks were not possible. Instead, average free water surface profiles were derived from selected control cross sections, using 2D LIDAR measurements for verification. Both the LIDAR and photogrammetry averaged profiles showed remarkably good agreement, with deviations within \u00b120 mm. Validation showed that photogrammetry can be used to measure the complex aerated turbulent free water surface. In this way, this approach, involving consecutive image dataset acquisition at predefined intervals, is proving to be a valuable tool for observing, visualising, analysing, investigating, and gaining a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of the free water surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T04:28:08Z","timestamp":1696220888000},"page":"4774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Measurements of Complex Free Water Surface Topography Using a Photogrammetric Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"\u017dan","family":"Pleterski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Ho\u010devar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bizjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Kolbl Repinc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"National institute of Chemisty, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0973-1291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ga\u0161per","family":"Rak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2013.795917","article-title":"Hydraulics of Aerated Flows: Qui pro Quo?","volume":"51","author":"Chanson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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