{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T01:15:41Z","timestamp":1771722941851,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FONTES Projects of Relevant National Interest (PRIN) Project","award":["DTA.AD003.737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTA.AD003.737"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous riverbeds and floodplains in the Western Mediterranean Area (WMA) have been affected by anthropogenic modifications during the last centuries. In recent decades, an increase in floods in the coastal WMA has been observed. Variations in the rainfall regime and anthropisation have influenced the relevant geomorphological processes. The coastal floodplains analysed include those in Italy, France, and Spain. Geomorphological and land use changes that occurred in the last two centuries were examined using historical and recent maps, historical data, and European big data since the 1800s for 65 basins, for which over 670 flood events and more than 1300 victims were identified. Anthropogenic activities have changed the patterns of floodplains. In most cases, narrowing of the riverbeds, especially in the lower river sections, has been observed. The riverbeds have also changed from braided- to single-channel morphologies. GIS analysis shows reductions in the coastal watercourse widths ranging from 10% to 95%, with an average of 55%. Other changes are related to the deviation in the watercourses, with trends that did not respect the natural river flow. In some cases, the watercourses were covered and have vanished from recent maps. This aspect has reduced or eliminated the perception of the risk not only for the residents but also for land planners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T04:28:08Z","timestamp":1696220888000},"page":"4798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Anthropic Constraint Dynamics in European Western Mediterranean Floodplains Related to Floods Events"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5838-4180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Turconi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2153-3618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Bono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7624-1300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Faccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 27, 16144 Genoa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4921-4523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Luino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, C.B., Barros, V., Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Dokken, D.J., Ebi, K.L., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Plattner, G.K., and Allen, M. (2012). Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139177245"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2021.100324","article-title":"Global analysis of cyclone-induced compound precipitation and wind extreme events","volume":"32","author":"Messmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Weather Clim. Extremes"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2021.100401","article-title":"Possible impact of urbanization on extreme precipitation-temperature relationship in East Asian megacities","volume":"34","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Weather Clim. Extremes"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"2949","article-title":"A climatology of sub-seasonal temporal clustering of extreme precipitation in Switzerland and its impacts","volume":"21","author":"Tuel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manandhar, B., Cui, S., Wang, L., and Shrestha, S. (2023). Post-Flood Resilience Assessment of July 2021 Flood in Western Germany and Henan, China. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12030625"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-15-0205.1","article-title":"Clustering of Regional-Scale Extreme Precipitation Events in Southern Switzerland","volume":"144","author":"Barton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciampa, F., Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, S., Kalantari, Z., and Ferreira, C.S.S. (2021). Flood Mitigation in Mediterranean Coastal Regions: Problems, Solutions, and Stakeholder Involvement. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su131810474"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"302","article-title":"Housing bubbles and the increase of flood exposure. Failures in flood risk management on the Spanish south-eastern coast (1975\u20132013)","volume":"11","author":"Gil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Flood Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2021.103903","article-title":"Flood risk reduction by parallel flood defences\u2014Case-study of a coastal multifunctional flood protection zone","volume":"167","author":"Marijnissen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2020.100654","article-title":"Enhancing New York City\u2019s resilience to sea level rise and increased coastal flooding","volume":"33","author":"Gornitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-020-00882-1","article-title":"Extreme events in Venice and in the North Adriatic Sea: 28\u201329 October 2018","volume":"31","author":"Morucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rend. Lincei Sci. Fis. Nat."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2631","article-title":"Geohydrological hazards and urban development in the Mediterranean area: An example from Genoa (Ligu-ria, Italy)","volume":"15","author":"Faccini","year":"2015","journal-title":"NHESS"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamagnone, P., Massazza, G., Pezzoli, A., and Rosso, M. (2019). Hydrology of the Sirba River: Updating and Analysis of Discharge Time Series. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11010156"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.01.015","article-title":"Channel changes and floodplain management in the meandering middle Ebro River, Spain","volume":"117","author":"Ollero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.13678","article-title":"Event-based classification for global study of river flood generating processes","volume":"34","author":"Stein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydr. Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1495-6","article-title":"Changing climate both increases and decreases European river floods","volume":"573","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4419","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-23-4419-2019","article-title":"Detection and attribution of flood trends in Mediterranean basins","volume":"23","author":"Tramblay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydr. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lompi, M., Mediero, L., and Caporali, E. (2021). Future Flood Hazard Assessment for the City of Pamplona (Spain) Using an Ensemble of Climate Change Projections. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13060792"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-015-1466-3","article-title":"Increased record-breaking precipitation events under global warming","volume":"132","author":"Lehmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polom\u010di\u0107, D., Baji\u0107, D., and Ratkovi\u0107, J. (2018). Assessment of Historical Flood Risk to the Groundwater Regime: Case Study of the Kolubara Coal Basin, Serbia. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10050588"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doocy, S., Daniels, A., Murray, S., and Kirsch, T.D. (2013). The human impact of floods: A historical review of events 1980\u20132009 and systematic literature review. PLoS Curr., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.dis.f4deb457904936b07c09daa98ee8171a"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"563","article-title":"EURO-CORDEX: New high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research","volume":"Volume 14","author":"Jacob","year":"2021","journal-title":"IPCC\u2014Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Doschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M. (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Cramer, W., Guiot, J., and Marini, K. (2020). Climate and Environmental Change in the Mediterranean Basin\u2014Current Situation and Risks for the Future. First Mediterranean Assessment Report, Union for the Mediterranean."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, C.B., Barros, V.R., Dokken, D.J., Mach, K.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., and Bilir, T.E. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Working Group II Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415379"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., P\u00f6rtner, H.O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P.R., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., P\u00e9an, C., and Pidcock, R. (2018). Global Warming of 1.5 \u00b0C: An IPCC Special Report, IPCC Secretariat."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Cramer, W., Guiot, J., and Marini, K. (2020). Climate and Environmental Change in the Mediterranean Basin\u2014Current Situation and Risks for the Future, MedECC, Union for the Mediterranean. First Mediterranean Assessment Report."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Pachauri, R.K., and Meyer, L.A. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Barros, V.R., Field, C.B., Dokken, D.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., and Mach, K.J. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Barros, V.R., Field, C.B., Dokken, D.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Bilir, T.E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K.L., Estrada, Y.O., and Genova, R.C. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, C.B., Barros, V.R., Dokken, D.J., Mach, K.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Bilir, T.E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K.L., Estrada, Y.O., and Genova, R.C. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415379"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"P\u00f6rtner, H.O., Scholes, R.J., Agard, J., Archer, E., Arneth, A., Bai, X., Barnes, D., Burrows, M., Chan, L., and Cheung, W.L. (2021). IPBES-IPCC Co-Sponsored Workshop Report on Biodiversity and Climate Change, IPBES and IPCC."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1958","article-title":"Global imprint of climate change on marine life","volume":"3","author":"Poloczanska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balzan, M.V., Sadula, R., and Scalvenzi, L. (2020). Assessing Ecosystem Services Supplied by Agroecosystems in Mediterranean Europe: A Literature Review. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9080245"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-015-2487-3","article-title":"Long-term climate change in the Mediterranean region in the midst of decadal variability","volume":"44","author":"Mariotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2016.10.015","article-title":"Regional downscaling of Mediterranean droughts under past and future climatic conditions","volume":"151","author":"Hertig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-020-01610-z","article-title":"The relation of climate extremes with global warming in the Mediterranean region and its north versus south contrast","volume":"20","author":"Lionello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.05.040","article-title":"Trends in flash flood events versus convective precipitation in the Mediterranean region: The case of Catalonia","volume":"541","author":"Llasat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-017-1870-8","article-title":"Future Scenarios of Surface Water Resources Availability in North African Dams","volume":"32","author":"Tramblay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"47","article-title":"Nature-based solution for climate change adaptation and mitigation in urban areas with high natural risk. TeMA","volume":"16","author":"Mazzeo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Land Use Mobility Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.06.040","article-title":"Detection and attribution of trends in magnitude, frequency and timing of floods in Spain","volume":"517","author":"Mediero","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2014.975708","article-title":"Current runoff variations in the Macta catchment (Algeria): Is climate the sole factor?","volume":"60","author":"Baahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thi\u00e9bault, S., and Moatti, J.P. (2016). The Mediterranean Region under Climate Change, A Scientific Update Coll. Synth\u00e8ses.","DOI":"10.4000\/books.irdeditions.24549"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04253-1","article-title":"Trends in flood losses in Europe over the past 150 years","volume":"9","author":"Paprotny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"E690","article-title":"Long-term variability and trends in meteorological droughts in Western Europe (1851\u20132018)","volume":"41","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2022, January 23). Eurostat. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2023, March 15). European Environment Agency. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/themes\/water\/europes-seas-and-coasts."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1177\/0956247816672158","article-title":"Flash flooding as a threat to settlements even in remote areas","volume":"29","author":"Gohar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Urban."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12461","DOI":"10.1111\/jfr3.12461","article-title":"MEFF: The database of MEditerranean Flood Fatalities (1980 to 2015)","volume":"12","author":"Petrucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Flood Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.104863","article-title":"Connecting flash flood events with radar-derived convective storm characteristics on the Northwestern Mediterranean coast: Knowing the present for better future scenarios adaptation","volume":"238","author":"Llasat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2020.1714671","article-title":"El Bayadh city against flash floods: Case study","volume":"17","author":"Hafnaoui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2008.12.028","article-title":"A compilation of data on European flash floods","volume":"367","author":"Gaume","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5194\/adgeo-23-47-2010","article-title":"High-impact floods and flash floods in Mediterranean countries: The FLASH preliminary database","volume":"23","author":"Llasat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-19-0270.1","article-title":"Reconstructing Flood Events in Mediterranean Coastal Areas Using Different Reanalyses and High-Resolution Meteorological Models","volume":"21","author":"Senatore","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faccini, F., Luino, F., Paliaga, G., Roccati, A., and Turconi, L. (2021). Flash Flood Events along the West Mediterranean Coasts: Inundations of Urbanized Areas Conditioned by Anthropic Impacts. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10060620"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nouaceur, Z., Murarescu, O., and Muratoreanu, G. (2022). Statistical Analysis of Heavy Rains and Floods around the French Mediterranean Basin over One Half a Century of Observations. Geosciences, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences12120447"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinet, F., Bigot, V., Petrucci, O., Papagiannaki, K., Llasat, M.C., Kotroni, V., Boissier, L., Aceto, L., Grimalt, M., and Llasat-Botija, M. (2019). Mapping Flood-Related Mortality in the Mediterranean Basin. Results from the MEFF v2.0 DB. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11102196"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez D\u00edez, A., M\u00e1yer Su\u00e1rez, P., D\u00edaz Pacheco, J., and Dorta Antequera, P. (2019). Rainfall and Flooding in Coastal Tourist Areas of the Canary Islands (Spain). Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10120809"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roccati, A., Paliaga, G., Luino, F., Faccini, F., and Turconi, L. (2020). Rainfall Threshold for Shallow Landslides Initiation and Analysis of Long-Term Rainfall Trends in a Mediterranean Area. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11121367"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/15730620902934819","article-title":"URBAS: Forecasting and management of flash floods in urban areas","volume":"6","author":"Einfalt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2022, July 12). Service Interminist\u00e9riel R\u00e9gional de D\u00e9fense et de Protection Civiles (SIRDPC) de la Pr\u00e9fecture de Corse-du-Sud. Available online: https:\/\/www.portivechju.corsica\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/DDRM_Corse-du-Sud_2021_2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2022, July 04). Accuweather. Available online: www.https:\/\/www.accuweather.com\/en\/severe-weather\/deadly-flooding-wreaks-havoc-in-france-italy-and-greece\/634338."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"10","article-title":"Anthropogenic changes in the alluvial plains of the Tyrrhenian Ligurian basins","volume":"48","author":"Luino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rend. Online Soc. Geol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-16-1737-2016","article-title":"What if the 25 October 2011 event that struck Cinque Terre (Liguria) had happened in Genoa, Italy? Flooding scenarios, hazard mapping and damage estimation","volume":"16","author":"Silvestro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1","article-title":"The 4th October 2010 flash flood event in Genoa Sestri Ponente (Liguria, Italy)","volume":"8","author":"Faccini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disaster Adv."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.104122","article-title":"Morphological changes and human impact in the Entella River floodplain (Northern Italy) from the 17th century","volume":"182","author":"Roccati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-11-2951-2011","article-title":"Urban floods: A case study in the Savigliano area (North-Western Italy)","volume":"11","author":"Audisio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133315605048","article-title":"Urban hydrogeomorphology and the urban stream syndrome: Treating the symptoms and causes of geomorphic change","volume":"40","author":"Vietz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05017005","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000268","article-title":"Flash Flood Risk and the Paradox of Urban Development","volume":"19","author":"Cutter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ertan, S., and \u00c7elik, R.N. (2021). The Assessment of Urbanization Effect and Sustainable Drainage Solutions on Flood Hazard by GIS. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13042293"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-19-53-2019","article-title":"A spatial multicriteria prioritizing approach for geohydrological risk mitigation planning in small and densely urbanized Mediterranean basins","volume":"19","author":"Paliaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roccati, A., Luino, F., Turconi, L., Piana, P., Watkins, C., and Faccini, F. (2018). Historical Geomorphological Research of a Ligurian Coastal Floodplain (Italy) and Its Value for Management of Flood Risk and Environmental Sustainability. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10103727"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068265","article-title":"The role of the sea on the flash floods events over Liguria (northwestern Italy)","volume":"43","author":"Cassola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Nimbus Hydrological Events (2022, May 16). La Piena del Torrenta Genova del 26 Novembre 2002. Available online: http:\/\/www.nimbus.it\/eventi\/2002\/021126genova.htm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2018.07.022","article-title":"Role of rainfall intensity and urban sprawl in the 2014 flash flood in Genoa City, Bisagno catchment (Liguria, Italy)","volume":"98","author":"Faccini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2013.780188","article-title":"Relationships between geo-hydrological processes induced by heavy rainfall and land-use: The case of 25 October 2011 in the Vernazza catchment (Cinque Terre, NW Italy)","volume":"9","author":"Cevasco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2022, May 23). The 4th October 2021 Event. Available online: https:\/\/www.greenlifeblog.it\/2021\/10\/05\/le-piogge-eccezionali-di-lunedi-4-ottobre-2021-in-liguria-e-piemonte\/."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2020.1866702","article-title":"Flood-induced ground effects and flood-water dynamics for hydro-geomorphic hazard assessment: The 21\u201322 October 2019 extreme flood along the lower Orba River (Alessandria, NW Italy)","volume":"17","author":"Mandarino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"(2023, July 06). ISPRA 2023, Available online: https:\/\/www.isprambiente.gov.it\/files2023\/notizie\/nota-22maggio.pdf."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2023, July 08). ARPAE 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.arpae.it\/it\/notizie\/levento-meteo-idrogeologico-del-1-4-maggio."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-019-04639-x","article-title":"Heavy rainfall in Mediterranean cyclones, Part II: Water budget, precipitation efficiency and remote water sources","volume":"53","author":"Flaounas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Climate Dyn."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-14-1549-2022","article-title":"A new dataset of river flood hazard maps for Europe and the Mediterranean Basin","volume":"14","author":"Dottori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"(2022, July 04). European Office for Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"(2022, April 15). Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente, Geoportale Nazionale. Available online: http:\/\/www.pcn.minambiente.it\/mattm\/."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"(2022, December 05). COPERNICUS, Land Monitoring Service. Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2023, January 12). Regione Autonoma della Sardegna. Available online: www.sardegnageoportale.it."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"IGN (2022, July 07). Catalogue Remonter le Temps. Available online: https:\/\/geoservices.ign.fr\/remonter-le-temps."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"(2022, June 24). Regione Toscana. Available online: www.regione.toscana.it\/-\/geoscopio."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"(2022, August 05). Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a, Instituto Geogr\u00e1fico Nacional. Available online: https:\/\/www.ign.es\/web\/ign\/portal."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"(2022, May 07). Arcanum Maps. Available online: https:\/\/maps.arcanum.com\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"(2022, June 20). Regione Liguria. Available online: https:\/\/geoportal.regione.liguria.it\/."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2022, January 18). Website 6 Aprile, Sardegna. Available online: http:\/\/www.6aprile.it\/featured\/2013\/11\/19\/cronistoria-delle-alluvioni-in-sardegna.html."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"(2023, January 05). AEMET Spain\u2019s State Meteorological Agency. Available online: https:\/\/floodlist.com\/europe\/spain-murcia-floods-september-2022."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"(2023, January 07). M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France. Available online: http:\/\/pluiesextremes.meteo.fr\/france-metropole\/Catastrophe-sur-la-Cote-d-Azur.html."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-021-04905-4","article-title":"Floods in Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur and lessons for French flood risk governance","volume":"109","author":"Kougkoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Hazards"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"1","article-title":"Les inondations azur\u00e9ennes du 3 octobre 2015: Un lourd bilan li\u00e9 \u00e0 un risque composite","volume":"228","author":"Carrega","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pollut Atmosph\u00e9rique"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2014.10.003","article-title":"Human influence and the changing geomorphology of Mediterranean deltas and coasts over the last 6000 years: From progradation to destruction phase?","volume":"139","author":"Anthony","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(02)00219-2","article-title":"Morphological response to river engineering and management in alluvial channels in Italy","volume":"50","author":"Surian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.10.009","article-title":"Flood risk assessment and mapping in peri-urban Mediterranean environments using hydrogeomorphology. Application to ephemeral streams in the Valencia region (eastern Spain)","volume":"104","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1515\/quageo-2017-0027","article-title":"Urban Geomorphology in Coastal Environment: Man-Made Morphological Changes in a Seaside Tourist Resort (Rapallo, Eastern Liguria, Italy)","volume":"36","author":"Brandolini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quaest. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1623\/hysj.51.5.765","article-title":"Study of historical flood events on Spanish rivers using documentary data","volume":"51","author":"Barriendos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"(2022, June 05). MEDEC Climate and Environmental Change in the Mediterranean Basin\u2014Current Situation and Risks for the Future. Available online: https:\/\/www.medecc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/MedECC_MAR1_3_1_Water.pdf."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"(2022, November 05). First Mediterranean Assessment Report (MAR1) Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a, Direcci\u00f3n General de Protecci\u00f3n Civil y Emergencias. Available online: https:\/\/www.proteccioncivil.es\/."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"(2022, November 11). Sardegna Clima APS. Available online: https:\/\/sardegna-clima.it\/."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"(2022, June 23). CNR IRPI Polaris Project. Available online: https:\/\/polaris.irpi.cnr.it\/."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"(2022, February 28). ADAPT Project (2014\u20132020) Assistere l\u2019aDAttamento ai Cambiamenti Climatici dei Sistemi Urbani Dello sPazio Transfrontalier. Available online: http:\/\/interreg-maritime.eu\/web\/adapt."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"(2022, March 08). Wikipedia. Available online: https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-6-505-2006","article-title":"Estimation of Extreme Flash Flood Evolution in Barcelona County from 1351 to 2005","volume":"6","author":"Barrera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Chelazzi, L., Colombini, I., Fallaci, M., and Gagnarli, E. (2008). La Memoria Dell\u2019acqua Nella Pianura Grossetana. Wadi Project, C.N.R."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"(2022, February 28). CNR GNDCI AVI Archive. Available online: http:\/\/avi.gndci.cnr.it\/."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Cecaro, R. (2015). I Giornali Sardi Dell\u2019Ottocento. Quotidiani, Periodici e Riviste Delle Biblioteche Della Sardegna, Catalogo (1774\u20131899), Regione Autonoma Sella Sardegna."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"(2022, March 17). ANSA. Available online: https:\/\/www.ansa.it\/."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.09.028","article-title":"The 1962 flash flood in the Rub\u00ed stream (Barcelona, Spain)","volume":"566","author":"Llasat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"(2022, December 01). Elmundo. Available online: https:\/\/www.elmundo.es\/."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"(2022, December 20). Pr\u00e9fet de la Corse-du-Sud. Service de l\u2019\u00c9tat. Available online: https:\/\/www.corse-du-sud.gouv.fr\/le-risque-inondation-a1983.html."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"(2022, December 21). PisaToday. Available online: https:\/\/www.pisatoday.it\/."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"(2022, November 02). L\u2019Express. Available online: https:\/\/www.lexpress.fr\/."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"(2022, March 16). BBC. Available online: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"(2022, March 19). CatalanNews. Available online: https:\/\/www.catalannews.com\/."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"(2022, May 01). France3. Available online: https:\/\/france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr\/."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"Toscana Notizie (2023, June 12). Alluvione di Livorno: Le Foto Aeree. Available online: https:\/\/www.toscana-notizie.it\/-\/alluvione-di-livorno-le-foto-aeree."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"FloodList (2023, June 10). Spain\u2014Deadly Floods in Valencia and Murcia after Days of Torrential Rain. Available online: https:\/\/floodlist.com\/europe\/spain-deadly-floods-valencia-murcia-days-torrential-rain."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Var Matin (2023, June 10). Il y a neuf ans, l\u2019Est-Var \u00e9tait ravag\u00e9 par les inondations. Available online: https:\/\/www.varmatin.com\/environnement\/photos-and-video-il-y-a-neuf-ans-lest-var-etait-ravage-par-les-inondations-57440."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.07.037","article-title":"The Bisagno stream catchment (Genoa, Italy) and its major floods: Geomorphic and land use variations in the last three centuries","volume":"273","author":"Faccini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"Reuters (2023, June 16). Heavy Rains Turn Streets into Rivers on Spain\u2019s Mediterranean Coast (Spain 25 May 2023 Flood Event). Available online: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/heavy-rains-turn-streets-into-rivers-spains-mediterranean-coast-2023-05-26\/."},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"The Connexion (2023, June 16). Floods and Hail Hit Southern France as Stormy Spell Continues (France and Italy 25 May 2023 Flood Events). Available online: https:\/\/www.connexionfrance.com\/article\/French-news\/Floods-and-hail-hit-southern-France-as-stormy-spell-continues."},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"EuroNews.Travel (2023, June 16). Barcelona, Ibiza, Madrid: Flash Floods Trigger Travel Warnings in Popular Holiday Destinations (Spain 30 May 2023 Flood Event). Available online: https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/travel\/2023\/05\/30\/barcelona-ibiza-madrid-flash-floods-trigger-travel-warnings-in-popular-holiday-destination."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"AA (2023, June 16). Heavy Rain Causes Flash Flooding across Southern Spain (Spain 23 May 2023 Flood Event). Available online: https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/europe\/heavy-rain-causes-flash-flooding-across-southern-spain\/2906658."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"SkyTg24 (2023, June 16). Allerta Maltempo Anche in Toscana: Frane a Marradi e Firenzuola (Italy 17 May Flood Event). Available online: https:\/\/tg24.sky.it\/cronaca\/2023\/05\/17\/allerta-meteo-toscana-maltempo."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"RavennaeDintorni.it (2023, June 16). Chi Sono le 17 Vittime Identificate Nell\u2019alluvione in Emilia-Romagna (Italy Floods, May 2023). Available online: https:\/\/www.ravennaedintorni.it\/cronaca\/2023\/05\/26\/chi-sono-vittime-ondate-alluvioni-emilia-romagna\/."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4000\/geomorphologie.10654","article-title":"The Human influence on the Mediterranean coast over the last 200 years: A brief appraisal from a geomorphological perspective","volume":"20","author":"Anthony","year":"2014","journal-title":"G\u00e9omorphologie Relief Process. Environ."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-015-1570-4","article-title":"Projections of future floods and hydrological droughts in Europe under a +2 \u00b0C global warming","volume":"135","author":"Roudier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Larrue, C., Bruzzone, S., L\u00e9vy, L., Gralepois, M., Schellenberger, T., Tr\u00e9morin, J.B., Fournier, M., Manson, C., and Thuilier, T. (2016). Analysing and evaluating Flood Risk Governance in France: From State Policy to Local Strategies. Halshs, 01981420. Available online: https:\/\/shs.hal.science\/halshs-01981420\/document."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/19\/4798\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:03:45Z","timestamp":1760130225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/19\/4798"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15194798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15194798","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}}}