{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:33:02Z","timestamp":1760149982878,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-18-1-0249","ATE220057","1211144","10360","21181599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-18-1-0249","ATE220057","1211144","10360","21181599"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ANID-PIA","award":["FA9550-18-1-0249","ATE220057","1211144","10360","21181599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-18-1-0249","ATE220057","1211144","10360","21181599"]}]},{"name":"ANID-FONDECYT Regular","award":["FA9550-18-1-0249","ATE220057","1211144","10360","21181599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-18-1-0249","ATE220057","1211144","10360","21181599"]}]},{"name":"ANID-FONDEF ID23I","award":["FA9550-18-1-0249","ATE220057","1211144","10360","21181599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-18-1-0249","ATE220057","1211144","10360","21181599"]}]},{"name":"ANID\/Scholarship Program\/Doctorado Nacional\/2018","award":["FA9550-18-1-0249","ATE220057","1211144","10360","21181599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-18-1-0249","ATE220057","1211144","10360","21181599"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This is one of the first papers to study the ionospheric effects of two solar eclipses that occurred in South America and Antarctica under geomagnetic activity in different seasons (summer and autumn) and their impact on the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). The changes in total electron content (TEC) during the 15 February 2018 and 30 April 2022 partial solar eclipses will be analyzed. The study is based on more than 390 GPS stations, Swarm-A, and DMSP F18 satellite measurements, such as TEC, electron density, and electron temperature. The ionospheric behaviors over the two-fifth days on both sides of each eclipse were used as a reference for estimating TEC changes. Regional TEC maps were created for the analysis. Background TEC levels were significantly higher during the 2022 eclipse than during the 2018 eclipse because ionospheric levels depend on solar index parameters. On the days of the 2018 and 2022 eclipses, the ionospheric enhancement was noticeable due to levels of geomagnetic activity. Although geomagnetic forcing impacted the ionosphere, both eclipses had evident depletions under the penumbra, wherein differential vertical TEC (DVTEC) reached values &lt;\u221240%. The duration of the ionospheric effects persisted after 24 UT. Also, while a noticeable TEC depletion (DVTEC \u223c\u221250%) of the southern EIA crest was observed during the 2018 eclipse (hemisphere summer), an evident TEC enhancement (DVTEC &gt; 30%) at the same crest was seen during the eclipse of 2022 (hemisphere autumn). Swarm-A and DMSP F18 satellite measurements and analysis of other solar eclipses in the sector under quiet conditions supported the ionospheric behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T07:28:29Z","timestamp":1696318109000},"page":"4810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["IonosphericTotal Electron Content Changes during the 15 February 2018 and 30 April 2022 Solar Eclipses over South America and Antarctica"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7355-6809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Vald\u00e9s-Abreu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Space and Planetary Exploration Laboratory (SPEL), Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Tupper 2007, Santiago 8370451, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Tupper 2007, Santiago 8370451, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7701-5839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space and Planetary Exploration Laboratory (SPEL), Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Tupper 2007, Santiago 8370451, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Tupper 2007, Santiago 8370451, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5648-429X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Instrumentaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Adventista de Chile, km 12 Camino a Tanilvoro, Chillan 3780000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7734-0340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohadne","family":"Stable-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space and Planetary Exploration Laboratory (SPEL), Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Tupper 2007, Santiago 8370451, Chile"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A27","DOI":"10.1051\/swsc\/2013049","article-title":"A review of GPS\/GLONASS studies of the ionospheric response to natural and anthropogenic processes and phenomena","volume":"3","author":"Afraimovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Space Weather Space Clim."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Vald\u00e9s-Abreu, J.C. (2023). Degradation of the Global Navigation Satellite System Positioning Accuracy Caused by Ionospheric Disturbance Sources. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Chile]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00175006","article-title":"Solar eclipses and ionospheric theory","volume":"8","author":"Rishbeth","year":"1968","journal-title":"Space Sci. 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