{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T21:57:57Z","timestamp":1766267877330,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42004005","2021TD-51","2020JQ-357","300102262205","300102262902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004005","2021TD-51","2020JQ-357","300102262205","300102262902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Science and Technology Innovation Team","award":["42004005","2021TD-51","2020JQ-357","300102262205","300102262902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004005","2021TD-51","2020JQ-357","300102262205","300102262902"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Geoscience Big Data and Geohazard Prevention Innovation Team","award":["42004005","2021TD-51","2020JQ-357","300102262205","300102262902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004005","2021TD-51","2020JQ-357","300102262205","300102262902"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["42004005","2021TD-51","2020JQ-357","300102262205","300102262902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004005","2021TD-51","2020JQ-357","300102262205","300102262902"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["42004005","2021TD-51","2020JQ-357","300102262205","300102262902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004005","2021TD-51","2020JQ-357","300102262205","300102262902"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Groundwater storage (GWS) in confined aquifer systems is often influenced by climate variability and anthropogenic activities, and it is vital to quantify their contributions for the purpose of groundwater management and surface water allocation plans. In this study, we characterize the spatiotemporal evolution of the GWS in confined aquifer systems across Hengshui, North China Plain, and investigate its relationships with changing climate conditions and human activities through the integration of InSAR-derived surface displacements with hydraulic head observations and precipitation data, during 2004\u20132010 and 2016\u20132020. Our results indicate that the GWS in confined aquifer systems decreased markedly by 4.59 \u00b1 0.35 km3 with an accelerating trend during the study period. The GWS variations show a strong correlation with precipitation during irrigation periods (March to July), and hence, the climate and anthropogenic-driven GWS variations can be separated from each other with a linear model. We find that the GWS depletion caused by climate variability and anthropogenic activities were \u22120.31 \u00b1 0.10 km3 and \u22124.28 \u00b1 0.40 km3, respectively, during the study period. The mean contribution of anthropogenic activities to the GWS variations was \u221271.9%, implying that the GWS variations in confined aquifer systems were primarily anthropogenic driven. It is also found that the well observations alone poorly characterize the spatiotemporal evolution of the GWS due to their limited spatial density, and the integrated InSAR\/well approach appears to be promising for overcoming this challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T09:14:22Z","timestamp":1696497262000},"page":"4827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Contributions of Climate Variability and Anthropogenic Activities to Confined Groundwater Storage in Hengshui, North China Plain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Mineral Resource and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8054-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Mineral Resource and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3560-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"B\u00fcrgmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-4760, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2570-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2926-9172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoliang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5730-9602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Mineral Resource and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Mineral Resource and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Jianbing","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Mineral Resource and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Fei, Y., Chen, Z., Zhao, Z., Xie, Z., Wang, Y., Miao, J., Yang, L., Shao, J., and Jin, M. 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