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The results show that the diurnal variation pattern of the precipitation over the NSTM simulated by WRF_NJU aligns closely with that of the observational AWS data, and it captured spatial distribution, peak values, and the times of precipitation reasonably well. The hourly precipitation amount (PA), precipitation frequency (PF), and precipitation intensity (PI) all show characteristics of being greater in the afternoon to nighttime than from early morning to noon, and the diurnal variations of precipitation in this region are significantly influenced by altitude. The PA, PF, and PI peak over the southern edge of the Junggar Basin (JB) below 1000 m occurred at around 2200 Local Solar Time (LST). In contrast, peak PA over the mountainous regions above 3000 m occurred at around 1500 LST. Further analysis with REOF and CV indicated that the difference in diurnal variations of precipitation between the mountainous regions and the JB is most pronounced likely due to the topographical influences. The peak PA over the mountainous regions mainly occurred at around 1500 LST, while that of the JB occurred at around 0100 LST. High CV regions for PI are predominantly found over the area near the central JB and the middle Tianshan mountains, whereas high CV regions for the PF are located in the central and northern parts of Urumqi and Changji. In addition, different land surface categories exhibit distinct patterns of diurnal precipitation variation, i.e., the forests, grasslands, and water bodies exhibit their peak PA in the period from early morning to noon, while the impervious surfaces, croplands, and barren lands exhibit their peak PA in the period from afternoon to nighttime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T09:14:22Z","timestamp":1696497262000},"page":"4833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Diurnal Variation Characteristics of Summer Precipitation over the Northern Slope of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, Northwest China: Basic Features and Responses to the Inhomogeneous Underlying Surface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zulipina","family":"Kadier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8302-6083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abuduwaili","family":"Abulikemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"}]},{"given":"Kefeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing 210041, China"}]},{"given":"Aerzuna","family":"Abulimiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Meteorological Observatory, Urumqi 830002, China"}]},{"given":"Abidan","family":"Abuduaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0870.2011.00517.x","article-title":"Diurnal cycle of precipitation amount and frequency in Sweden: Observation versus model simulation","volume":"63","author":"Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tellus A Dyn. 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