{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:33:02Z","timestamp":1760149982617,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L223007","2020B0101110001","61988102","61731020","2017YFA0701004","WJ2019G00019","KGFZD-135-18-029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L223007","2020B0101110001","61988102","61731020","2017YFA0701004","WJ2019G00019","KGFZD-135-18-029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Area Research and Development Program of the Guangdong Province","award":["L223007","2020B0101110001","61988102","61731020","2017YFA0701004","WJ2019G00019","KGFZD-135-18-029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L223007","2020B0101110001","61988102","61731020","2017YFA0701004","WJ2019G00019","KGFZD-135-18-029"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["L223007","2020B0101110001","61988102","61731020","2017YFA0701004","WJ2019G00019","KGFZD-135-18-029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L223007","2020B0101110001","61988102","61731020","2017YFA0701004","WJ2019G00019","KGFZD-135-18-029"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["L223007","2020B0101110001","61988102","61731020","2017YFA0701004","WJ2019G00019","KGFZD-135-18-029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L223007","2020B0101110001","61988102","61731020","2017YFA0701004","WJ2019G00019","KGFZD-135-18-029"]}]},{"name":"Project of Equipment Pre-Research","award":["L223007","2020B0101110001","61988102","61731020","2017YFA0701004","WJ2019G00019","KGFZD-135-18-029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L223007","2020B0101110001","61988102","61731020","2017YFA0701004","WJ2019G00019","KGFZD-135-18-029"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Scientific and Technological Innovation from the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["L223007","2020B0101110001","61988102","61731020","2017YFA0701004","WJ2019G00019","KGFZD-135-18-029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L223007","2020B0101110001","61988102","61731020","2017YFA0701004","WJ2019G00019","KGFZD-135-18-029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article, a novel three-dimensional (3-D) imaging method based on the range decomposing algorithm (RDA) is proposed for millimeter wave imaging. We combined it with binomial theory and we derive the theoretical formulation of RDA applied to single-input\u2013single-output (SISO)\/multiple-input\u2013multiple-output (MIMO) array; meanwhile, its computational complexity and computational error are analyzed. Compared to the classical Fourier algorithm, such as the range migration algorithm (RMA) and the phase shift migration (PSM), the proposed algorithm can replace the time-consuming interpolation and accumulation operations with reasonable approximations and transformations offering a more efficient approach, while maintaining the image quality. In addition, a method based on RDA which is applicable to the transformation between MIMO and SISO, is proposed to further enhance the processing efficiency. Proof-of-principle simulation using echo data collected from a large number of antennas, verifies that the proposed algorithm has higher efficiency. In order to better verify the feasibility of the proposed algorithm, a scanning prototype located in the millimeter wave band is designed. The experimental results of different targets demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves significantly higher reconstruction efficiency when compared to the traditional algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T09:14:22Z","timestamp":1696497262000},"page":"4834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["3-D Millimeter Wave Fast Imaging Technique Based on 2-D SISO\/MIMO Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yubing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yicai","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5230-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangyou","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2018.2853551","article-title":"340-GHz 3-D Imaging Radar With 4Tx-16Rx MIMO Array","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2004.841341","article-title":"Nondestructive defect identification with terahertz time-of-flight tomography","volume":"5","author":"Zhong","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2672938","article-title":"On the feasibility of breast cancer imaging systems at millimeter-waves frequencies","volume":"65","author":"Meo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheen, D.M., Mcmakin, D.L., Hall, T.E., and Severtsen, R.H. (2009, January 11\u201312). Active millimeter-wave standoff and portal imaging techniques for personnel screening. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/THS.2009.5168070"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1109\/22.942570","article-title":"Three-dimensional millimeter-wave imaging for concealed weapon detection","volume":"9","author":"Sheen","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Sheen, D.M., Collins, H.D., Hall, T.E., McMakin, D.L., Gribble, R.P., Severtsen, R.H., Prince, J.M., and Reid, L.D. (1996). Real-Time Wideband Holographic Surveillance System. (5,557,283), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2053038","article-title":"A sparse aperture MIMO-SAR-based UWB imaging system for concealed weapon detection","volume":"1","author":"Zhuge","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3629","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2164616","article-title":"Millimeter-wave imaging with optimized sparse periodic array for short-range applications","volume":"10","author":"Gumbmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24309","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3111173","article-title":"MIMO-SAR 3-D Imaging Based on Range Wavenumber Decomposing","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2017.2761838","article-title":"Range Migration Algorithm for Near-Field MIMO-SAR Imaging","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6782","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2961247","article-title":"Near-Field 3-D SAR Imaging Using a Scanning Linear MIMO Array with Arbitrary Topologies","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2661742","article-title":"W-Band Time-Domain Multiplexing FMCW MIMO Radar for Far-Field 3-D Imaging","volume":"65","author":"Bleh","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2821925","article-title":"Novel effificient 3-D shortrange imaging algorithms for a scanning 1D-MIMO array","volume":"27","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2011.2172812","article-title":"A novel fully electronic active real-time imager based on a planar multistatic sparse array","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2012.2228221","article-title":"Fully electronic E-band personnel imager of 2m2 aperture based on a multistatic architecture","volume":"1","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Cumming, I.G., and Wong, F.H. (2005). Digital Signal Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data: Algorithms and Implementation, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mccorkle, J.W. (1991, January 1\u20133). Focusing of synthetic aperture ultra wideband data. Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 International Conference on Systems Engineering, Dayton, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSYSE.1991.161068"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1117\/12.243085","article-title":"Order N2 log(N) backprojector algorithm for focusing wide-angle wide-bandwidth arbitrary-motion synthetic aperture radar","volume":"6","author":"Mccorkle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Radar Sensor Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1109\/83.862638","article-title":"A multilevel domain decomposition algorithm for fast O(N2\/logN) reprojection of tomographic images","volume":"9","author":"Boag","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2269194","article-title":"Fully polarimetric high-resolution 3-D imaging with circular SAR at L-band","volume":"6","author":"Ponce","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"60","article-title":"Fast backprojection algorithm for synthetic aperture radar","volume":"4","author":"Yegulalp","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE Radar Conf. Radar Next Millennium"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2188036","article-title":"Three-dimensional near-field MIMO array imaging using range migration techniques","volume":"6","author":"Zhuge","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4909","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.3048578","article-title":"A modified omega-K algorithm for near-fifield single-frequency MIMO-arc-array-based azimuth imaging","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2018.2884409","article-title":"Near-field 3-D millimeter-wave imaging using MIMO RMA with range compensation","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2016.3888","article-title":"Three dimensional bistatic array imaging using range migration algorithm","volume":"2","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1555","article-title":"A modified omega-K algorithm for near-field MIMO array-based 3-D reconstruction","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. Oct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208418","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3017617","article-title":"Phase shift migration with SIMO superposition for MIMO-side looking imaging at terahertz band","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2872918","article-title":"Omega-K algorithm for near-field 3-D image reconstruction based on planar SIMO\/MIMO array","volume":"4","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4730","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2966368","article-title":"3-D short-range imaging with irregular MIMO arrays using NUFFT-based range migration algorithm","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2020.2987886","article-title":"Efficient frequency scaling algorithm for short-range 3-D holographic imaging based on a scanning MIMO array","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2020.3019099","article-title":"Fast 3-D image reconstruction on nonregular UWB sparse MIMO planar array using scaling techniques","volume":"1","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"An efficient algorithm based on CSA for THz stepped-frequency SAR imaging","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Efficient Algorithm Based on Frequency Scaling for THz Stepped-Frequency SAR Imaging","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2022.3205926","article-title":"A Fast 3-D Chirp Scaling Imaging Technique for Millimeter-Wave Near-Field Imaging","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6311","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2905269","article-title":"A transverse spectrum deconvolution technique for MIMO short-range Fourier imaging","volume":"9","author":"Fromenteze","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"2868","article-title":"Three dimensional compressed sensing-based millimeter-wave imaging","volume":"12","author":"Alvarez","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7295","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2869660","article-title":"Compressive sensing imaging of 3-D object by a holographic algorithm","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2019.2918367","article-title":"Sequential frequency domain imaging algorithm for near-field MIMO-SAR with arbitrary scanning paths","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Topics Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/19\/4834\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:01:35Z","timestamp":1760130095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/19\/4834"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15194834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15194834","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]}}}