{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:33:53Z","timestamp":1760150033213,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research\u2014Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Branch","award":["JCYJ-SHFY-2022-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ-SHFY-2022-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS) has been widely used in the radiation transfer simulation from microwave to terahertz. Due to the same physical principles, ARTS can also be used for simulations of thermal infrared (TIR). However, thorough evaluations of ARTS in the TIR region are still lacking. Here, we evaluated the performance of ARTS in 600\u20131650 cm\u22121 taking the Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model (LBLRTM) as a reference model. Additionally, the moderate resolution atmospheric transmission (MODTRAN) band model (BM) and correlated-k (CK) methods were also used for comparison. The comparison results on the 0.001 cm\u22121 spectral grid showed a high agreement (sub-0.1 K) between ARTS and LBLRTM, while the mean bias difference (MBD) and root mean square difference (RMSD) were less than 0.05 K and 0.3 K, respectively. After convolving with the spectral response functions of the Atmospheric Infra-Red Sounder (AIRS) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the brightness temperature (BT) differences between ARTS and LBLRTM became smaller with RMSDs of &lt;0.1 K. The comparison results for Jacobians showed that the Jacobians calculated by ARTS and LBLRTM were close for temperature (can be used for Numerical Weather Prediction application) and O3 (excellent Jacobian fit). For the water vapor Jacobian, the Jacobian difference increased with an increasing water vapor content. However, at extremely low water vapor values (0.016 ppmv in this study), LBLRTM exhibited non-physical mutations, while ARTS was smooth. This study aims to help users understand the simulation accuracy of ARTS in the TIR region and the improvement of ARTS via the community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T10:48:33Z","timestamp":1696848513000},"page":"4889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Performance of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS) in the 600\u20131650 cm\u22121 Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zichun","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410037, China"}]},{"given":"Shaofei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410037, China"}]},{"given":"Yunmeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00249-8","article-title":"Effects of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus Radiometric and Geometric Calibrations and Corrections on Landscape Characterization","volume":"78","author":"Vogelmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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