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The brightness temperature (TB) data observed by Chang\u2019E-1 (CE-1) and Chang\u2019E-2 (CE-2) microwave radiometers (MRM) give us a chance to retrieve the lunar subsurface rock abundance (RA). In this paper, a thermal conductivity model with an undetermined parameter \u03b2 of the mixture has been employed to estimate the physical temperature profile of the mixed layer (rock and regolith). Parameter \u03b2 and the physical temperature profile of the mixed layer are constrained by the Diviner Channel 7 observations. Then, the subsurface RA on the 16 large (Diameter &gt; 20 km) Copernican-age craters of the Moon is extracted from the average nighttime TB of the CE-2 37 GHz channel based on our previous rocky TB model. Two conclusions can be derived from the results: (1) the subsurface RA values are usually greater than the surface RA values retrieved from Diviner observations of the studied craters; (2) the spatial distribution of subsurface RA extracted from CE-2 MRM data is not necessarily consistent with the surface RA detected by Diviner data. For example, there are similar RA spatial distributions on both the surface and subsurface in Giordano Bruno, Necho, and Aristarchus craters. However, the distribution of subsurface RA is obviously different from that of surface RA for Copernicus, Ohm, Sharonov, and Tycho craters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15204895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T03:24:55Z","timestamp":1696908295000},"page":"4895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Inversion of the Lunar Subsurface Rock Abundance Using CE-2 Microwave Brightness Temperature Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Science, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China"}]},{"given":"Guoping","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring in Tropical and Subtropical Area of South China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication, National University of Defense Technology, Wuhan 430000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3665-3364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenchao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory for High Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2008.01.002","article-title":"China\u2019s Lunar Exploration Program: Present and future","volume":"56","author":"Zheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Planet. 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