{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:09:00Z","timestamp":1774591740130,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Ukraine","award":["2020.02\/0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.02\/0015"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Ukraine","award":["#0121U109881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#0121U109881"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Ukraine","award":["#0122U001476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#0122U001476"]}]},{"name":"Ukraine state-funded research projects","award":["2020.02\/0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.02\/0015"]}]},{"name":"Ukraine state-funded research projects","award":["#0121U109881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#0121U109881"]}]},{"name":"Ukraine state-funded research projects","award":["#0122U001476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#0122U001476"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The premise has been validated that a tropical cyclone (TC, typhoon, hurricane), one of the most powerful large-scale formations systematically arising in the atmosphere, is an element of the ocean\u2013atmosphere\u2013ionosphere\u2013magnetosphere system. The TC plays a crucial role with regard to a global-scale mass and energy exchange in this system. The study of this system encompasses a broad spectrum of physical phenomena occurring and processes operating within the system components, as well as the mechanisms of their interactions. The problem under discussion pertains to interdisciplinary science. Its scope ranges from different Earth sciences to geospace sciences, which comprise the physics of the ocean, meteorology, the physics of the Earth\u2019s atmospheric and space environment, etc. Observations of the ionospheric response to the impact of a number of unique typhoons made using multifrequency multiple path oblique incidence ionospheric sounding have confirmed the definitive role that the internal gravity waves and infrasound play in producing atmospheric\u2013ionospheric disturbances. It has been demonstrated that these disturbances are capable of significantly affecting the characteristics of high-frequency radio waves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15204919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T03:14:32Z","timestamp":1697080472000},"page":"4919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Tropical Cyclone or Typhoon as an Element of the Earth\u2013Atmosphere\u2013Ionosphere\u2013Magnetosphere System: Theory, Simulations, and Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Leonid F.","family":"Chernogor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Radio Physics, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"The tropical cyclone as an element of the Earth\u2014Atmosphere\u2014Ionosphere\u2014Magnetosphere system","volume":"12","author":"Chernogor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Space Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Chernogor, L.F. (2008). On Nonlinearity in Nature and Science: Monograph, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Publ.. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.541510","article-title":"The Earth\u2013atmosphere\u2013geospace system: Main properties and processes","volume":"32","author":"Chernogor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. 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