{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T21:20:19Z","timestamp":1770153619127,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo (ANID)","award":["FONDEF IT20I0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDEF IT20I0016"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo (ANID)","award":["MEC 80190075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MEC 80190075"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo (ANID)","award":["2023-21232328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-21232328"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents a method to detect and segment mine waste deposits, specifically waste rock dumps and leaching wasted dumps, in Sentinel-2 satellite imagery using artificial intelligence. This challenging task has important implications for mining companies and regulators like the National Geology and Mining Service in Chile. Challenges include limited knowledge of mine waste deposit numbers, as well as logistical and technical difficulties in conducting inspections and surveying physical stability parameters. The proposed method combines YOLOv7 object detection with a vision transformer classifier to locate mine waste deposits, as well as a deep generative model for data augmentation to enhance detection and segmentation accuracy. The ViT classifier achieved 98% accuracy in differentiating five satellite imagery scene types, while the YOLOv7 model achieved an average precision of 81% for detection and 79% for segmentation of mine waste deposits. Finally, the model was used to calculate mine waste deposit areas, with an absolute error of 6.6% compared to Google Earth API results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15204949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T10:04:39Z","timestamp":1697191479000},"page":"4949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Automated Detection and Analysis of Massive Mining Waste Deposits Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery and Artificial Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0900-4117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Avenida Brasil 2147, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0674-2254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Hermosilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Avenida Brasil 2147, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5342-0063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Villavicencio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda de Construcci\u00f3n y Transporte, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Avenida Brasil 2147, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1231-3496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Breul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement G\u00e9nie Civil, Polytech Clermont, Institut Pascal UMR CNRS 6602, Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, Av. Blaise Pascal SA 60206-63178 Aubi\u00e8re, CEDEX, 63000 Clermont Ferrand, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"SERNAGEOMIN Site (2023, January 30). Datos P\u00fablicos Dep\u00f3sitos de Relaves. Catastro de Dep\u00f3sitos de Relaves en Chile 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.sernageomin.cl\/datos-publicosdeposito-de-relaves\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Potvin, Y. (2007). Slope Stability 2007: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Rock Slope Stability in Open Pit Mining and Civil Engineering, Australian Centre for Geomechanics."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Valenzuela, L., Bard, E., and Campa\u00f1a, J. (2011, January 10\u201313). Seismic considerations in the design of high waste rock dumps. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (5-ICEGE), Santiago, Chile."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bard, E., and Anabal\u00f3n, M.E. 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