{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T19:07:53Z","timestamp":1782932873109,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders","award":["project G031921N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project G031921N"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders","award":["project SR\/00\/400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project SR\/00\/400"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders","award":["project HBC.2021.0676"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project HBC.2021.0676"]}]},{"name":"Belgian Science Policy, Stereo IV program","award":["project G031921N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project G031921N"]}]},{"name":"Belgian Science Policy, Stereo IV program","award":["project SR\/00\/400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project SR\/00\/400"]}]},{"name":"Belgian Science Policy, Stereo IV program","award":["project HBC.2021.0676"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project HBC.2021.0676"]}]},{"name":"VLAIO, De Blauwe Cluster","award":["project G031921N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project G031921N"]}]},{"name":"VLAIO, De Blauwe Cluster","award":["project SR\/00\/400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project SR\/00\/400"]}]},{"name":"VLAIO, De Blauwe Cluster","award":["project HBC.2021.0676"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project HBC.2021.0676"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we studied the potential of the visible, near-infrared, and shortwave infrared wavelength regions for monitoring oil spill incidents using optical reflectance. First, a simple physical model was designed for accurate oil thickness and volume estimation using optical reflectance. The developed method was made invariant to changes in acquisition and illumination conditions. In the next step, an algorithm based on an artificial neural network was designed to detect spilled oil. The training samples that are required to optimize the parameters of the network were generated by utilizing the proposed physical model. To validate the method, experiments were conducted in laboratory and outdoor scenarios for detection and thickness\/volume estimation on four different oil types. In particular, we developed hyperspectral datasets of oil samples with varying thickness between 500 \u00b5m and 5000 \u00b5m acquired using two different sensors, an Agrispec spectrometer and an Imec snapscan shortwave infrared hyperspectral camera, in strictly controlled experimental settings. To demonstrate the potential of the proposed method in outdoor environments using solely the visible wavelength region, we monitored the evolution of artificially spilled oil in an outdoor scene with an RGB camera mounted on a drone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15204950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T10:04:39Z","timestamp":1697191479000},"page":"4950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Study on the Potential of Oil Spill Monitoring in a Port Environment Using Optical Reflectance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8887-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bikram","family":"Koirala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec-Visionlab, University of Antwerp (CDE), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7250-6970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholus","family":"Mboga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InViLab Research Group, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"GIM NV Philipssite 5 Box 27, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9119-0206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robrecht","family":"Moelans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vlaamse Instelling Voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0557-6151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Els","family":"Knaeps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vlaamse Instelling Voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0590-2770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seppe","family":"Sels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InViLab Research Group, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Winters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RiskMatrix Group, Herkenrodesingel 4\/1, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Samsonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haven van Antwerpen-Brugge\/Port of Antwerp-Bruges, Zaha Hadidplein 1, 2030 Antwerpen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7975-1338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Vanlanduit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InViLab Research Group, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2447-4772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Scheunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec-Visionlab, University of Antwerp (CDE), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.03.024","article-title":"State of the art satellite and airborne marine oil spill remote sensing: Application to the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill","volume":"124","author":"Leifer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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