{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T16:03:12Z","timestamp":1772726592180,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XJ2021005601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2021005601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB3902605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42307255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42307255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41901286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21422903219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21422903219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JSSCBS20221531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSSCBS20221531"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XJ2021005601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2021005601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB3902605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42307255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42307255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41901286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21422903219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21422903219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JSSCBS20221531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSSCBS20221531"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["XJ2021005601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2021005601"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["2022YFB3902605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902605"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["42307255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42307255"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["41901286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901286"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["21422903219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21422903219"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["JSSCBS20221531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSSCBS20221531"]}]},{"name":"Technologies R&amp;D Program from the Bureau of Science and Technology of Handan","award":["XJ2021005601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2021005601"]}]},{"name":"Technologies R&amp;D Program from the Bureau of Science and Technology of Handan","award":["2022YFB3902605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902605"]}]},{"name":"Technologies R&amp;D Program from the Bureau of Science and Technology of Handan","award":["42307255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42307255"]}]},{"name":"Technologies R&amp;D Program from the Bureau of Science and Technology of Handan","award":["41901286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901286"]}]},{"name":"Technologies R&amp;D Program from the Bureau of Science and Technology of Handan","award":["21422903219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21422903219"]}]},{"name":"Technologies R&amp;D Program from the Bureau of Science and Technology of Handan","award":["JSSCBS20221531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSSCBS20221531"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Double-Innovation Doctor Program","award":["XJ2021005601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2021005601"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Double-Innovation Doctor Program","award":["2022YFB3902605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902605"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Double-Innovation Doctor Program","award":["42307255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42307255"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Double-Innovation Doctor Program","award":["41901286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901286"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Double-Innovation Doctor Program","award":["21422903219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21422903219"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Double-Innovation Doctor Program","award":["JSSCBS20221531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSSCBS20221531"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frequent mining activities create a series of geological and environmental problems resulting in an immeasurable loss of life and property. Adopting effective technologies that monitor the surface subsidence of mining areas reliably and accurately is necessary. Targeting problems associated with conventional distributed scatterers interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DS-InSAR) technology, we propose a DS-InSAR technology integrating unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry products divided into two key technical contents: generating an external reference digital elevation model (DEM) fused with UAV DEM and refining distributed scatterers candidates (DSCs) fused with an UAV digital orthophoto map (DOM). We selected two mining areas, one in Wu\u2019an, Hebei, and the other in Inner Mongolia, with different surface cover types, mining depths, and topographies as the research area. We used Sentinel-1A SAR images covering a mine in Wu\u2019an from 4 November 2018 to 4 March 2019 and a mining area in Inner Mongolia from 11 June 2018 to 21 October 2018 to compare and analyze the subsidence results. We also combined these results with data from their respective field observation stations to assess accuracy. We could apply DS-InSAR technology integrated with UAV photogrammetry products to the subsidence monitoring of two mining areas with different landforms and mining characteristics. Comparing with the leveling and total station, the experimental results show that the RMSE was reduced by about 2 mm in both mining areas, and accuracy for the Wu\u2019an region improved to a higher degree than Inner Mongolia did. Furthermore, the refinement method of DS eliminated 965 and 2948 lower-quality DSCs in the two mining areas. These demonstrate that our proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy and reliability of subsidence results from two mining areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15204998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T10:43:10Z","timestamp":1697539390000},"page":"4998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Mine Subsidence Monitoring Integrating DS-InSAR with UAV Photogrammetry Products: Case Studies on Hebei and Inner Mongolia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jinqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Xuhai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mining and Geomatics Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaojiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mining and Geomatics Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"},{"name":"Handan Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Spatial Information, Handan 056038, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0192-4518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufen","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mining and Geomatics Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"},{"name":"Handan Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Spatial Information, Handan 056038, China"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping (CASM), Beijing 100830, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"101981","article-title":"Research on ground deformation monitoring method in mining areas using the probability integral model fusion D-InSAR, sub-band InSAR and offset-tracking","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.11.020","article-title":"Locating and defining underground goaf caused by coal mining from space-borne SAR interferometry","volume":"135","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1300","article-title":"Precision space observation technique for geological hazard monitoring and early warning","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2018.10.013","article-title":"Mapping ground movements caused by mining-induced earthquakes applying satellite radar interferometry","volume":"246","author":"Malinowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., Yu, J., Fan, Q., Si, J., Zhu, W., and Song, M. (2022). Interpretation of the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of land deformation in beijing during 2003\u20132020 using sentinel, ENVISAT, and Landsat data. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092242"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Wu, S., Ding, X., Wang, C., Zhu, J., and Li, Q. (2021). Use of multiplatform SAR imagery in mining deformation monitoring with dense vegetation coverage: A case study in the Fengfeng Mining area, China. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163091"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50792-y","article-title":"Perspectives on the prediction of catastrophic slope failures from satellite InSAR","volume":"9","author":"Intrieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Liu, G. (2019). Principles and Applications of InSAR, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"101","article-title":"Application of PS-InSAR method based on time series combination in surface deformation monitoring of Xiongxian county and its surrounding areas","volume":"1","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C., Zhang, D., Zhao, C., Han, B., Sun, R., Du, J., and Chen, L. (2019). Ground deformation revealed by Sentinel-1 MSBAS-InSAR time-series over Karamay Oilfield, China. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11172027"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.038","article-title":"Land subsidence in central Mexico detected by ALOS InSAR time-series","volume":"140","author":"Chaussard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1717","article-title":"Research progress and methods of InSAR for deformation monitoring","volume":"46","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Met. Mine"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"160","article-title":"Time series monitoring and analysis of surface subsidence in western mining areas based on DS-InSAR","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Met. Mine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8332","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2022.3208955","article-title":"NL-MMSE: A Hybrid Phase Optimization Method in Multimaster Interferogram Stack for DS-InSAR Applications","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"110","article-title":"Optimized DS-InSAR technology for time series deformation monitoring in open-pit mines","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Met. Mine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2023.3250419","article-title":"Revealing Land Surface Deformation over the Yineng Backfilling Mining Area, China, by Integrating Distributed Scatterer SAR Interferometry (DS InSAR) and a Mining Subsidence Model","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"117","article-title":"Monitoring and analysis of surface deformation in Peibei mining region based on DS-InSAR technique","volume":"2","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Surface subsidence monitoring by time series InSAR integrating with distributed targets in mining region","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. China Univ. Min. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Zhao, L. (2022). Research on Surface Deformation Monitoring Method in Mining Areas Based on DS-InSAR. [Master\u2019s Thesis, China University of Mining and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Tan, H. (2021). Research on the Law of Large Gradient Deformation in Mining Areas Based on the Fusion of Monitoring Data from the Space-Sky-Earth Platform. [Doctoral Thesis, Anhui University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"121","article-title":"Key technology and application of InSAR\/UAV fusion monitoring for coal mining damages","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coal Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"57","article-title":"Study on surface subsidence in coal mining by UAV-photogrammetry monitoring technology","volume":"50","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coal Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"52","article-title":"Deformation monitoring and analysis of Wu\u2019an subsidence area based on SBAS-InSAR technology","volume":"37","author":"Di","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Li, W. (2019). Research on Land Subsidence Monitoring in Handan Mining Area Based on InSAR Technology. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Shandong University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Yan, D. (2011). Application Research on Monitoring Mining Subsidence in Yunjialing Coal Mine Area Based on D-InSAR Technology. [Doctoral Thesis, China University of Geosciences Beijing]."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1732","article-title":"Monitoring and temporal study of mining area of Jodhpur City using remote sensing and GIS","volume":"4","author":"Yadav","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Zhang, X. (2019). Research on Mining Area Subsidence Monitoring Method Based on UAV Photogrammetry Technology. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Hebei University of Engineering]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Wang, R. (2022). Research on Multi-Source Data Fusion Technology and Application for Mining Subsidence Monitoring. [Doctoral Thesis, China University of Mining and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"41","article-title":"3D model and accuracy evaluation of tilt photogrammetry based on UAV","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Power"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"77","article-title":"Application of UAV photogrammetry technology in emergency investigation of Aniangzhai landslide","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"100049","article-title":"Investigation of deformation patterns by DS-InSAR in a coal resource-exhausted region with Spaceborne SAR imagery","volume":"5","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci. X"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2023, October 11). DSIpro. Available online: http:\/\/mijiang.org.cn\/index.php\/software\/."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Peng, K. (2021). Research on DS-InSAR Surface Deformation Monitoring in Fukang Coalfield Fire Area, Xinjiang. [Master\u2019s Thessis, China University of Mining and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Lu, L. (2020). Research on DS-InSAR Method for Monitoring Surface Time Series Subsidence in Mining Areas. [Master\u2019s Thesis, China University of Mining and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Liu, Y. (2021). Research on Surface Subsidence Monitoring Method for Filling Mining Area Based on DS-InSAR. [Master\u2019s Thesis, China University of Mining and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"2001","article-title":"Recent progress in landslide monitoring with InSAR","volume":"51","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"169","article-title":"Deformation monitoring and analysis of Tailings Dam based on DS-InSAR: A case study of Brumadinho Mine in Brazil","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Met. Mine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-020-01929-1","article-title":"Monitoring of surface deformation in a low coherence area using distributed scatterers InSAR: Case study in the Xiaolangdi Basin of the Yellow River, China","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Application of distributed targets in deformation monitoring of Hongqinghe Coal Mine","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geod. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1485","article-title":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar for deformation mapping: Opportunities, challenges and the outlook","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2124465","article-title":"A new algorithm for processing interferometric data-stacks: SqueeSAR","volume":"49","author":"Ferretti","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Li, P. (2013). A Study on the Interseismic Strain Accumulation in the Western Section of the Altyn Tagh Fault Zone Observed by Wideband InSAR. [Doctoral Thesis, Wuhan University]."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"134","article-title":"Full-scale gradient surface deformation monitoring in mining area based on LEV-InSAR model","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Met. Mine"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"967","article-title":"The application of satellite radar remote sensing in landslide disaster detection and monitoring: Challenges and countermeasures","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3699","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3419-y","article-title":"A study on the development of subsidence due to the extraction of 1203 slice with its associated factors around Barapukuria underground coal mining industrial area, Dinajpur, Bangladesh","volume":"72","author":"Howladar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/20\/4998\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:08:34Z","timestamp":1760130514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/20\/4998"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15204998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15204998","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]}}}