{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T05:05:29Z","timestamp":1773464729352,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","award":["OFSLRSS202314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFSLRSS202314"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The measurement of bidirectional reflectivity for ground-based objects is a highly intricate task, with significant limitations in the capabilities of both ground-based and satellite-based observations from multiple viewpoints. In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as a novel remote sensing method, offering convenience and cost-effectiveness while enabling multi-view observations. This study devised a polygonal flight path along the hemisphere to achieve bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) measurements for large zenith angles and all azimuth angles. By employing photogrammetry\u2019s principle of aerial triangulation, accurate observation angles were restored, and the geometric structure of \u201csun-object-view\u201d was constructed. Furthermore, three BRDF models (M_Walthall, RPV, RTLSR) were compared and evaluated at the UAV scale in terms of fitting quality, shape structure, and reflectance errors to assess their inversion performance. The results demonstrated that the RPV model exhibited superior inversion performance followed, by M_Walthall; however, RTLST performed comparatively poorly. Notably, the M_Walthall model excelled in capturing smooth terrain object characteristics while RPV proved applicable to various types of rough terrain objects with multi-scale applicability for both UAVs and satellites. These methods and findings are crucial for an extensive exploration into the bidirectional reflectivity properties of ground-based objects, and provide an essential technical procedure for studying various ground-based objects\u2019 in-plane reflection properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15205000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T10:36:56Z","timestamp":1697625416000},"page":"5000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Method of Multi-Angle Remote Sensing Observation Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and the Validation of BRDF"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hongtao","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Eco-Civilization Development for JING-JIN-JI Megalopolis, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Dongqin","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6388-2555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dabin","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Xingfa","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Satellite Remote Sensing Applications, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Jianguang","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Eco-Civilization Development for JING-JIN-JI Megalopolis, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Eco-Civilization Development for JING-JIN-JI Megalopolis, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Eco-Civilization Development for JING-JIN-JI Megalopolis, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"}]},{"given":"Tiejun","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Eco-Civilization Development for JING-JIN-JI Megalopolis, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.06.018","article-title":"A physics-based atmospheric and BRDF correction for Landsat data over mountainous terrain","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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