{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T05:32:40Z","timestamp":1766467960666,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC)","award":["41904149","12173038","APSCO-SP\/PM-EARTHQUAKE","2021-JBKY-11","A132001W07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904149","12173038","APSCO-SP\/PM-EARTHQUAKE","2021-JBKY-11","A132001W07"]}]},{"name":"Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization Project","award":["41904149","12173038","APSCO-SP\/PM-EARTHQUAKE","2021-JBKY-11","A132001W07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904149","12173038","APSCO-SP\/PM-EARTHQUAKE","2021-JBKY-11","A132001W07"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China","award":["41904149","12173038","APSCO-SP\/PM-EARTHQUAKE","2021-JBKY-11","A132001W07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904149","12173038","APSCO-SP\/PM-EARTHQUAKE","2021-JBKY-11","A132001W07"]}]},{"name":"Stable-Support Scientific Project of China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation","award":["41904149","12173038","APSCO-SP\/PM-EARTHQUAKE","2021-JBKY-11","A132001W07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904149","12173038","APSCO-SP\/PM-EARTHQUAKE","2021-JBKY-11","A132001W07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Earthquakes (EQs) are a significant natural threat to humanity. In recent years, with advancements in space observation technology, it has been put forward that the electromagnetic effects of earthquakes can propagate into space in various ways, causing electromagnetic radiation and plasma disturbances in space and leading to high\u2013energy particle precipitation. The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) is specifically designed for monitoring the space electromagnetic environment. In our study, we select 78 strong earthquakes from September 2018 to February 2023 (global earthquakes with M \u2a7e 7.0 and the major seismic regions in China with M \u2a7e 6.0). We focus on 10\u2218 of the latitude and longitude around the epicenter, spanning from 15 days before the earthquake to 5 days after, and look for anomalies in spatial evolution and temporal evolution. We present some typical cases of electron flux perturbation and summarize the anomalies of all 78 cases to look for regularity in EQ\u2013related particle anomalies. Notably, we introduce two cases of simultaneous electromagnetic and energetic particle anomalies during earthquakes. And we propose a conjecture that the particle precipitation may be the result of wave\u2013particle interactions triggered by seismic activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15205030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T11:46:26Z","timestamp":1697715986000},"page":"5030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Statistical Analysis of High\u2013Energy Particle Perturbations in the Radiation Belts Related to Strong Earthquakes Based on the CSES Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Emergency Management Science and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"The National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenxia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeren","family":"Zhima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuhui","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huaran","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daihui","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pulinets, S., and Boyarchuk, K. (2004). Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-21-597-2003","article-title":"High\u2013energy charged particle bursts in the near-Earth space as earthquake precursors","volume":"21","author":"Aleksandrin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"456","article-title":"Ionospheric electron enhancement preceding the 2011 Tohoku\u2013Oki earthquake","volume":"38","author":"Heki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-197-2013","article-title":"Burst increases of precipitating electrons recorded by the DEMETER satellite before strong earthquakes","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"629","article-title":"Observation of high energy charged particle flux increases in SAA region in 10 September 1985","volume":"27","author":"Voronov","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cosm. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"271","article-title":"Seismo Precursors in Space as Plasma and Wave Anomalies","volume":"16","author":"Ruzhin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Electr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2005.07.008","article-title":"Correlations between earthquakes and anomalous particle bursts from SAMPEX\/PET satellite observations","volume":"67","author":"Sgrigna","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2006.02.011","article-title":"Examples of unusual ionospheric observations made by the DEMETER satellite over seismic regions","volume":"31","author":"Parrot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109401","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/23\/10\/109401","article-title":"Study of typical space wave\u2013particle coupling events possibly related with seismic activity","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"A04201","article-title":"Study of the North West Cape electron belts observed by DEMETER satellite","volume":"117","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys.-Res.-Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.804.180","article-title":"The electromagnetic disturbance study based on the observational data form satellite and ground station during a magnetic storm","volume":"804","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3319\/TAO.2017.10.06.01","article-title":"Improving earthquake forecasting by correlations between strong earthquakes and NOAA electron bursts","volume":"29","author":"Fidani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-8-1277-2008","article-title":"Analysis of NOAA particle data and correlations to seismic activity","volume":"8","author":"Fidani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"243","article-title":"First evidence for correlations between electron fluxes measured by NOAA-POES satellites and large seismic events","volume":"249\u2013257","author":"Roberto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. B-Proc. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(99)01223-5","article-title":"Quasielectrostatic model of atmosphere\u2013thermosphere\u2013 ionosphere coupling","volume":"26","author":"Pulinets","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6826(01)00047-5","article-title":"Electrodynamic model of the lower atmosphere and the ionosphere coupling","volume":"63","author":"Sorokin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-7-155-2007","article-title":"Perturbation of DC electric fifield caused by light ion adhesion to aerosols during the growth in seismic-related atmospheric radioactivity","volume":"7","author":"Sorokin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-32-1487-2014","article-title":"The numerical simulation on ionospheric perturbations in electric field before large earthquakes","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characteristics of flux-time profiles, temporal evolution, and spatial distribution of radiation-belt electron precipitation bursts in the upper ionosphere before great and giant earthquakes","volume":"55","author":"Anagnostopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.05.020","article-title":"Comparative study of charged particle precipitation from Van Allen radiation belts as observed by NOAA satellites during a land earthquake and an ocean Earthquake","volume":"64","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JA900444","article-title":"A model for generating relativistic electrons in the Earth\u2019s inner magnetosphere based on gyroresonant wave-particle interactions","volume":"105","author":"Summers","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s11141-020-10004-4","article-title":"Precipitation of Energetic Electrons from the Earth Radiation Belt Stimulated by High-Power HF Radio Waves for Modification of the Midlatitude Ionosphere","volume":"62","author":"Frolov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiophys. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119401","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/25\/11\/119401","article-title":"North west cape-induced electron precipitation and theoretical simulation","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23339","DOI":"10.1029\/94JA02072","article-title":"Statistical study of ELF\/VLF emissions recorded by a low-altitude satellite during seismic events","volume":"99","author":"Parrot","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(89)90218-5","article-title":"VLF emissions associated with earthquakes and observed in the ionosphere and the magnetosphere","volume":"57","author":"Parrot","year":"1989","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"10","article-title":"The electromagnetic anomalies recorded by CSES during Yangbi and Madoi earthquakes occurred in late May 2021 in west China","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JA027747","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JA027747","article-title":"Comparison of Electron Density and Temperature from the CSES Satellite With Other Space-Borne and Ground-Based Observations","volume":"125","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860234","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2022.860234","article-title":"Correlation Between Ne and Te Around 14:00 LT in the Topside Ionosphere Observed by CSES, Swarm and CHAMP Satellites","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhima, Z., Hu, Y., Shen, X., Chu, W., Piersanti, M., Parmentier, A., Zhang, Z., Wang, Q., Huang, J., and Zhao, S. (2021). Storm-Time Features of the Ionospheric ELF\/VLF Waves and Energetic Electron Fluxes Revealed by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11062617"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2020.572393","article-title":"The seismic electromagnetic emissions during the 2010 Mw 7.8 Northern Sumatra Earthquake revealed by DEMETER satellite","volume":"8","author":"Zhima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhima, Z., Yan, R., Lin, J., Wang, Q., Yang, Y., Lv, F., Huang, J., Cui, J., Liu, Q., and Zhao, S. (2022). The Possible Seismo-Ionospheric Perturbations Recorded by the China-Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040905"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nhres.2021.06.001","article-title":"Statistical study on the variations of electron density and temperature related to seismic activities observed by CSES","volume":"1","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-018-9242-0","article-title":"The state-of-the-art of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite mission","volume":"61","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s41605-019-0101-7","article-title":"The high\u2013energy particle package onboard CSES","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat. Detect. Technol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022JA030550","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JA030550","article-title":"Evaluation of the proton contamination to MeV electrons by solar proton events based on CSES observations","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ournal Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-018-9241-7","article-title":"The electromagnetic wave experiment for CSES mission: Search coil magnetometer","volume":"61","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00876083","article-title":"Estimation of the size of earthquake preparation zones","volume":"117","author":"Dobrovosky","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pageoph"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/20\/5030\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:10:02Z","timestamp":1760130602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/20\/5030"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15205030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15205030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]}}}