{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T18:48:21Z","timestamp":1780080501881,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program","award":["2021xjkk0801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021xjkk0801"]}]},{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program","award":["42371148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42371148"]}]},{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program","award":["Y2021110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021110"]}]},{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program","award":["SKLCS-ZZ-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLCS-ZZ-2023"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021xjkk0801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021xjkk0801"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42371148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42371148"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Y2021110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021110"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SKLCS-ZZ-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLCS-ZZ-2023"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2021xjkk0801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021xjkk0801"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42371148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42371148"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["Y2021110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021110"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["SKLCS-ZZ-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLCS-ZZ-2023"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Scienc","award":["2021xjkk0801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021xjkk0801"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Scienc","award":["42371148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42371148"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Scienc","award":["Y2021110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021110"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Scienc","award":["SKLCS-ZZ-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLCS-ZZ-2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a key component of the hydrological cycle, knowledge and comprehension of precipitation formation and evolution are of leading significance. This study investigates the statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution for heavy precipitation events with observations collected by a Present Weather Sensor (PWS100) disdrometer located in the alpine area of eastern Tianshan, China. The characteristics are quantified based on heavy rain, heavy snow, and hail precipitation events classified using the rainfall intensity and the precipitation-related weather codes (US National Weather Service). On average, the heavy precipitation events in the headwaters of the Urumqi River are dominated by medium-sized (2\u20134 mm) raindrops. As well, we investigate mass-weighted mean diameter\u2013normalized intercept parameter scatterplots, which demonstrate that the heavy precipitation events in alpine regions of the Tianshan Mountains can be identified as maritime-like clusters. The concentration of raindrops in heavy precipitation is the highest overall, while the concentration of raindrops in heavy snow is the lowest when the diameter is lower than 1.3 mm. The power\u2013law relationships of radar reflectivity (Z) and rain rate (R) [Z = ARb] for the heavy rain, heavy snow, and hail precipitation events are also calculated. The Z\u2013R relationship of heavy rain and heavy snow in this work has a lower coefficient value of A (10 and 228.7, respectively) and a higher index value of b (2.6 and 2.1, respectively), and the hail events are the opposite (A = 551.5, b = 1.3), compared to the empirical relation (Z = 300R1.4). Furthermore, the possible thermodynamics and general atmospheric circulation that cause the distinctions in the raindrop size distribution characteristics between alpine areas and other parts of the Tianshan Mountains are also debated in this work. The headwaters of the Urumqi River in alpine areas have relatively colder and wetter surroundings in the near-surface layer than the foothills of the Tianshan Mountains during the precipitation process. Meanwhile, a lower temperature, a higher relative humidity, a more efficient collision coalescence mechanism, and glacier local microclimate effects (temperature jump, inverse glacier temperature, glacier wind) at the headwaters of the Urumqi River during the precipitation process are probably partly responsible for more medium- and large-size drops in the mountains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15205068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T01:41:21Z","timestamp":1698025281000},"page":"5068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Precipitation Events Based on a PWS100 Disdrometer in the Alpine Mountains, Eastern Tianshan, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Puchen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"College of Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongqin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"College of Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"},{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yefei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2846-1098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610103, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7236-3973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.1006324","article-title":"Microwave link dual-wavelength measurements of path-average attenuation for the estimation of drop size distributions and rainfall","volume":"40","author":"Rincon","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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