{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T05:31:16Z","timestamp":1778909476073,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42230609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230609"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41875007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875007"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023LASW-B22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023LASW-B22"]}]},{"name":"Open Grants of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","award":["42230609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230609"]}]},{"name":"Open Grants of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","award":["41875007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875007"]}]},{"name":"Open Grants of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","award":["2023LASW-B22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023LASW-B22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on three-dimensional lightning data and an S-band Doppler radar, a strong relationship was identified between lightning activity and the radar volume of squall lines. A detailed analysis of the squall line investigates the relationship following an exponential relationship. According to the correlation between lightning and the radar volume, three radar-volume-based lightning parameterization schemes, named the V30dBZ, V35dBZ, and V40dBZ lightning schemes, have been established and introduced into the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model. The performance of lightning precondition by different lightning parameterization schemes was evaluated, including the radar-volume-based schemes (V30dBZ, V35dBZ, and V40dBZ), as well as existing lightning schemes (PR92_1, PR92_2, and the Lightning Potential Index (LPI)). The evaluation shows that the simulated spatial lightning density and temporal lightning frequency by the radar-volume-based lightning schemes are more consistent with the observations. While the two PR_92 lightning schemes significantly underestimated the magnitude of lightning density. The radar-volume-based lightning parameterization schemes are proven to be more reliable in estimating lightning activity than other lightning schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15205070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T05:54:35Z","timestamp":1698040475000},"page":"5070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Estimation of Lightning Activity of Squall Lines by Different Lightning Parameterization Schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dongxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CICFEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3126-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunfa","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-11-00157.1","article-title":"The relationship between total cloud lightning behavior and radar-derived thunderstorm structure","volume":"28","author":"Metzger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-020-9656-8","article-title":"Understanding the dynamical-microphysical-electrical processes associated with severe thunderstorms over the Beijing metropolitan region","volume":"64","author":"Qie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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