{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T01:33:33Z","timestamp":1768700013896,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USAID"},{"name":"Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt"},{"name":"Cultural and Educational Bureau, Washington, DC, USA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental degradation is reducing crop productivity in many regions of Egypt. Moreover, unsustainable surface water drainage contributes to salinized soil conditions, which negatively impact crops. Egypt is seeking solutions to mitigate the problem of surface water drawdown and its consequences by exploring renewable and sustainable sources of energy. Geothermal energy and the desalination of saline water represent the only solutions to overcoming the fresh water shortage in agricultural industry and to providing sustainable fresh water and electricity to villages and the Bedouin livelihood. In Egypt, the Siwa Oasis contains a cluster of thermal springs, making the area an ideal location for geothermal exploration. Some of these thermal springs are characterized by high surface temperatures reaching 20 \u00b0C to 40 \u00b0C, and the bottom-hole temperatures (BHT) range from 21 \u00b0C to 121.7 \u00b0C. Pre-Cambrian basement rocks are usually more than 440 m deep, ranging from 440 m to 4724.4 m deep. It is this feature that makes the Siwa Oasis locality sufficient for geothermal power production and industrial processes. This study utilized both the Horner and the Gulf of Mexico correction methods to determine the formation temperatures from BHT data acquired from 27 deep oil wells. The present study revealed a geothermal gradient ranging from 18 to 42 \u00b0C\/km, a heat flux of 24.7\u2013111.3 mW\/m2, and a thermal conductivity of 1.3\u20132.65 W\/m\/k. The derived geothermal, geophysical, and geological layers were combined together with space data and the topographic layer to map relevant physiographic variables including land surface elevation, depth to basement, lineament density, land surface temperature, and geologic rock units. The ten produced variables were integrated in GIS to model the geothermal potential map (GTP) for the Siwa Oasis region. According to the model, both the eastern side and north and northeastern portions of the study region contain high and very high geothermal potential energy. Combining bottom-hole temperature measurements with satellite remote sensing and geospatial analysis can considerably enhance geothermal prospecting in Egypt and other East African areas that have geologically and tectonically similar settings. In addition to identifying sustainable resources needed for food production, this research has implications for renewable energy resources as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15215094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T11:34:47Z","timestamp":1698147287000},"page":"5094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Integration of Geophysical and Geospatial Techniques to Evaluate Geothermal Energy at Siwa Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eman","family":"Ghoneim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5944, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0864-2174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen","family":"Healey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5944, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3383-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hemida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Management, Faculty of Earth Science, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemvaros, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7285-285X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Shebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Mineralogy and Geology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Amr","family":"Fahil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5944, USA"},{"name":"Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lashin, A. 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