{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:36:57Z","timestamp":1760150217833,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Geo-Mechanics","award":["DZLXJK201901","42177172","41907257","2018YFC1504804","2018YFC1504806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DZLXJK201901","42177172","41907257","2018YFC1504804","2018YFC1504806"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["DZLXJK201901","42177172","41907257","2018YFC1504804","2018YFC1504806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DZLXJK201901","42177172","41907257","2018YFC1504804","2018YFC1504806"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["DZLXJK201901","42177172","41907257","2018YFC1504804","2018YFC1504806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DZLXJK201901","42177172","41907257","2018YFC1504804","2018YFC1504806"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-runout landslides occur frequently in the sandstone and mudstone mountainous areas in southwestern China under heavy rainfall conditions. This has been a key issue in the field of disaster prevention and reduction. Considering the Niuerwan landslide in Wulong, Chongqing, on 13 July 2020, as an example, we employed technical methodologies, including unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images, field investigation, geological condition analysis (including geomorphology and topography, stratigraphic structure and formation lithology, etc.), interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) monitoring and Particle Flow Code 3D (PFC3D) simulations to study failure mechanism and a long-runout motion model of flow-like landslides induced by the heavy rainfall. The results showed that (1) the large differences between the upper and lower strata are the root cause of the instability and long-runout fluidization movement; (2) heavy rainfall is the key driving factor of slope instability and deep-seated landslides, leading to long-distance movement of the upper saturated residual soil; (3) the long-runout fluidization model of bedding landslides is mainly divided into the overall sliding in the lower layer, the mixing of coarse and fine particles in the middle layer, and saturation fluidization in the upper layer; and (4) the long-runout fluidization process of bedding landslides is composed of three stages: overall instability, mixed acceleration, and fluidization accumulation. In view of these findings, in the risk evaluation and prediction of long-runout fluidization landslides in sandstone and mudstone mountainous areas, this particular disaster model can be used to provide quantitative references for disaster prevention and mitigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15215105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T09:54:08Z","timestamp":1698227648000},"page":"5105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Deformation Monitoring and Dynamic Analysis of Long-Runout Bedding Landslide Based on InSAR and Particle Flow Code"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Geological Safety, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Research Center of Neotectonism and Crustal Stability, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Geological Safety, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"}]},{"given":"Weile","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Institute of Geological Environment Monitoring, Chongqing 401122, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Global climate change and geological disaster response analysis","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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