{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T01:27:56Z","timestamp":1772760476320,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52308323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52308323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1934209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1934209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20220502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZXL2022488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZXL2022488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["52308323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52308323"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["U1934209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1934209"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["BK20220502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220502"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["ZXL2022488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZXL2022488"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Innovation and Entrepreneurship Leading Talent Plan","award":["52308323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52308323"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Innovation and Entrepreneurship Leading Talent Plan","award":["U1934209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1934209"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Innovation and Entrepreneurship Leading Talent Plan","award":["BK20220502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220502"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Innovation and Entrepreneurship Leading Talent Plan","award":["ZXL2022488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZXL2022488"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The application of three-dimensional laser scanning technology in the field of tunnel deformation monitoring has changed the traditional measurement method. It provides an automated and intelligent solution for monitoring the geometric deformation of tunnel sections due to its high efficiency and independence from environmental influences. In this paper, based on B-spline fitting and iterative nearest point (ICP) alignment, the calculation of the difference between the radial distance and the design radius of a tunnel is transformed into a curve transformation that iterates over the nearest-neighbor points and calculates the difference in the distance between the corresponding points. The innovation of this paper is that the high-precision tunnel deformation monitoring method integrating B-spline fitting and ICP alignment can automatically compensate for the missing point clouds, is not affected by the point clouds of the tunnel inner and outer liner appendages, is more sensitive in the local deformation feedback and can be applied to a variety of tunnel shapes. The results indicate that our method maximally improves the accuracy of the horizontal convergence calculation by 28.6 mm and the accuracy of the vault settlement by 27.8 mm in comparison with the least squares circle fitting algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15215112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T02:40:07Z","timestamp":1698288007000},"page":"5112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Method for Convergent Deformation Analysis of a Shield Tunnel Incorporating B-Spline Fitting and ICP Alignment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2746-182X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuhui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9346-0943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7883-9808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation & Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaartinen, E., Dunphy, K., and Sadhu, A. 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