{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T16:36:58Z","timestamp":1768408618597,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent Specialization","award":["2022AC21098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022AC21098"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent Specialization","award":["OFLREIS202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFLREIS202207"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent Specialization","award":["XDA23090503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA23090503"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent Specialization","award":["2022KY0382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KY0382"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","award":["2022AC21098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022AC21098"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","award":["OFLREIS202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFLREIS202207"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","award":["XDA23090503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA23090503"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","award":["2022KY0382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KY0382"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program (Class A) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022AC21098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022AC21098"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program (Class A) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["OFLREIS202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFLREIS202207"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program (Class A) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA23090503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA23090503"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program (Class A) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022KY0382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KY0382"]}]},{"name":"Middle-aged and Young Teachers\u2019 Basic Ability Promotion Project of Guangxi","award":["2022AC21098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022AC21098"]}]},{"name":"Middle-aged and Young Teachers\u2019 Basic Ability Promotion Project of Guangxi","award":["OFLREIS202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFLREIS202207"]}]},{"name":"Middle-aged and Young Teachers\u2019 Basic Ability Promotion Project of Guangxi","award":["XDA23090503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA23090503"]}]},{"name":"Middle-aged and Young Teachers\u2019 Basic Ability Promotion Project of Guangxi","award":["2022KY0382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KY0382"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ice\u2013snow freezing may disrupt the growth condition and structure of forest vegetation, increasing combustible loads and thus triggering forest fires. China\u2019s subtropical regions are rich in forest resources, but are often disturbed by ice\u2013snow freezing, especially due to climate change. Clarifying the responsive areas and times of forest fires to ice-snow freezing in this region is of vital importance for local forest fire management. In this study, meteorological data from 2001 to 2019 were used to extract the precipitation and its duration during the freezing period in order to analyze the freezing condition of forest vegetation in subtropical China. To improve the accuracy of identifying forest fires, we extracted forest fire information year-by-year and month-by-month based on the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) active fire data (MOD14A2) using the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and analyzed the forest fire clustering characteristics in the region using the Moran\u2019s Index. Then, correlation analysis between forest fires and freezing precipitation was utilized to explore the responsive areas and periods of forest fires caused by ice\u2013snow freezing. Our analysis shows the following: (1) during the period of 2001\u20132019, the ice\u2013snow freezing of forest vegetation was more serious in Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei, and Anhui provinces; (2) forest fires in subtropical China have shown a significant downward trend since 2008 and their degree of clustering has been reduced from 0.44 to 0.29; (3) forest fires in Hunan, Jiangxi, and Fujian provinces are greatly affected by ice\u2013snow freezing, and their correlation coefficients are as high as 0.25, 0.25, and 0.32, respectively; and (4) heavy ice\u2013snow freezing can increase forest combustibles and affect forest fire behavior in February and March. This research is valuable for forest fire management in subtropical China and could also provide a reference for other regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15215118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T07:22:15Z","timestamp":1698304935000},"page":"5118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Ice\u2013Snow Freezing and Its Impact on Subtropical Forest Fires in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0384-7341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuecheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3062-9267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5087-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hou","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources and Surveying, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3303","article-title":"Forest disturbances under climate change","volume":"7","author":"Seidl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaz7005","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz7005","article-title":"Climate-driven risks to the climate mitigation potential of forests","volume":"368","author":"Anderegg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11770","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607171113","article-title":"Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire across western US forests","volume":"113","author":"Abatzoglou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001210","article-title":"Observed impacts of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire in California","volume":"7","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s42408-019-0062-8","article-title":"Changing wildfire, changing forests: The effects of climate change on fire regimes and vegetation in the Pacific Northwest, USA","volume":"16","author":"Halofsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fire Ecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22050-1","article-title":"Large carbon sink potential of secondary forests in the Brazilian Amazon to mitigate climate change","volume":"12","author":"Heinrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6921","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27225-4","article-title":"Multi-decadal increase of forest burned area in Australia is linked to climate change","volume":"12","author":"Canadell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-022-01559-1","article-title":"Assessment of China\u2019s forest fire occurrence with deep learning, geographic information and multisource data","volume":"34","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0716-1","article-title":"Unprecedented burn area of Australian mega forest fires","volume":"10","author":"Boer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02171","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2171","article-title":"Climate variability and forest fires in central and south-central Chile","volume":"9","author":"Antonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8349","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1802316115","article-title":"Decreasing fire season precipitation increased recent western US forest wildfire activity","volume":"115","author":"Holden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, R., Lin, H., Lu, K., Cao, L., and Liu, Y. (2021). A forest fire detection system based on ensemble learning. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/f12020217"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1071\/WF15028","article-title":"How drought-induced forest die-off alters microclimate and increases fuel loadings and fire potentials","volume":"25","author":"Ruthrof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-8-1237-2017","article-title":"Synergy between land use and climate change increases future fire risk in Amazon forests","volume":"8","author":"Page","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Dynam."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"17","article-title":"Effects of an ice storm on fuel loadings and potential fire behavior in a pine barren of northeastern New York","volume":"1","author":"Sargis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Discipulorum"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(03)00230-5","article-title":"Impacts and management implications of ice storms on forests in the southern United States","volume":"186","author":"Bragg","year":"2003","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2019.117846","article-title":"Long-term effects of thinning and woody control on longleaf pine plantation development, understory abundance, and tree damage from an ice storm","volume":"459","author":"Harrington","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15011","article-title":"Assessing the response of forest productivity to climate extremes in Switzerland using model\u2013data fusion","volume":"26","author":"Trotsiuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01974","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.1974","article-title":"Northern forest winters have lost cold, snowy conditions that are important for ecosystems and human communities","volume":"29","author":"Contosta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-010-0034-y","article-title":"Impact of ice-snow damage on nutrient distribution of a Cunninghamia lanceolata woodland","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-019-1041-3","article-title":"Evaluation of forest damaged area and severity caused by ice-snow frozen disasters over southern China with remote sensing","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-011-0840-y","article-title":"Analysis of forest damage caused by the snow and ice chaos along a transect across southern China in spring 2008","volume":"21","author":"Shao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-020-6020-8","article-title":"Canopy gap characteristics and spatial patterns in a subtropical forest of South China after ice storm damage","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci.-Engl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fecs.2023.100119","article-title":"Ice storm damage to oak forests in subtropical China","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"For. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42640","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42640","article-title":"Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon stock in Moso bamboo forests in subtropical China","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.03.004","article-title":"Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon stocks in Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forests in subtropical China","volume":"178","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2018.1519270","article-title":"Assessing seasonal trends and variability of vegetation growth from NDVI3g, MODIS NDVI and EVI over South Asia","volume":"9","author":"Sarmah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2022.108819","article-title":"NIRv and SIF better estimate phenology than NDVI and EVI: Effects of spring and autumn phenology on ecosystem production of planted forests","volume":"315","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.06.014","article-title":"A robust method for reconstructing global MODIS EVI time series on the Google Earth Engine","volume":"155","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-3907-2021","article-title":"The 30 m annual land cover dataset and its dynamics in China from 1990 to 2019","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160015","article-title":"Trade-offs and synergistic relationships of ecosystem services under land use change in Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020: A Bayesian network analysis","volume":"858","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.11.009","article-title":"A practical method for SRTM DEM correction over vegetated mountain areas","volume":"87","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.05.004","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of cloud obscuration on remote sensing of active fires in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"112","author":"Schroeder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2004.05.006","article-title":"TIMESAT\u2014A program for analyzing time-series of satellite sensor data","volume":"30","author":"Eklundh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6032473","article-title":"Mapping crop cycles in China using MODIS-EVI time series","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2016.03.003","article-title":"A review of remote sensing image fusion methods","volume":"32","author":"Ghassemian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-57078-3","article-title":"Long-term spatio-temporal precipitation variations in China with precipitation surface interpolated by ANUSPLIN","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126270","article-title":"Coupling random forest and inverse distance weighting to generate climate surfaces of precipitation and temperature with multiple-covariates","volume":"598","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1071\/WF14124","article-title":"Compositing MODIS time series for reconstructing burned areas in the taiga\u2013steppe transition zone of northern Mongolia","volume":"24","author":"Chu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"25","article-title":"Semi-automated mapping of burned areas in semi-arid ecosystems using MODIS time-series imagery","volume":"38","author":"Hardtke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142844","article-title":"Forecasting fire risk with machine learning and dynamic information derived from satellite vegetation index time-series","volume":"764","author":"Michael","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.11.018","article-title":"Remote sensing algorithms for estimation of fractional vegetation cover using pure vegetation index values: A review","volume":"159","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107393","article-title":"Abiotic disturbances affect forest short-term vegetation cover and phenology in Southwest China","volume":"124","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2018.1543210","article-title":"Can satellite-based data substitute for surveyed data to predict the spatial probability of forest fire? A geostatistical approach to forest fire in the Republic of Korea","volume":"10","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Haz. Risk"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2021.1920477","article-title":"Forest fire monitoring using spatial-statistical and Geo-spatial analysis of factors determining forest fire in Margalla Hills, Islamabad, Pakistan","volume":"12","author":"Tariq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Haz. Risk"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Feng, F., Cai, T., and Tang, S. (2020). Soil microbial community response differently to the frequency and strength of freeze\u2013thaw events in a Larix gmelinii Forest in the Daxing\u2019an mountains, China. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01164"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-019-00537-w","article-title":"The effect of a freeze\u2013thaw cycle on dissolved nitrogen dynamics and its relation to dissolved organic matter and soil microbial biomass in the soil of a northern hardwood forest","volume":"142","author":"Watanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21988-6","article-title":"ENSO modulates wildfire activity in China","volume":"12","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6485","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL078283","article-title":"Increases in land surface temperature in response to fire in Siberian boreal forests and their attribution to biophysical processes","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-018-0279-z","article-title":"Forest fires across Italian regions and implications for climate change: A panel data analysis","volume":"72","author":"Michetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.101479","article-title":"Evaluation of forest fire risk in the Mediterranean Turkish forests: A case study of Menderes region, Izmir","volume":"45","author":"Sunar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.118381","article-title":"Fire from policy, human interventions, or biophysical factors? Temporal\u2013spatial patterns of forest fire in southwestern China","volume":"474","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2021.2003164","article-title":"Effect of freeze-thaw disturbance on soil C and N dynamics and GHG fluxes of East Asia forests: Review and future perspectives","volume":"68","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"69","article-title":"Quantity analysis of forest fuel under the impacts of snow damage in South of China-Case study in Hunan Province","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Silvae Sin."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Chen, L., Tang, W., Peng, S., Li, M., Deng, N., and Chen, Y. (2018). Predicting potential distribution and evaluating suitable soil condition of oil tea Camellia in China. Forests, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/f9080487"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2022.107380","article-title":"Regional precipitation variations during Heinrich events and Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles in the northern margin of the East Asian summer monsoon region","volume":"278","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109321","article-title":"Application of learning vector quantization and different machine learning techniques to assessing forest fire influence factors and spatial modelling","volume":"184","author":"Pourghasemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2021.115273","article-title":"Effects of fire on soil respiration and its components in a Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) forest in northeast China: Implications for forest ecosystem carbon cycling","volume":"402","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19924-1","article-title":"Excess forest mortality is consistently linked to drought cross Europe","volume":"11","author":"Senf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2019.117723","article-title":"A Bayesian network model for prediction and analysis of possible forest fire causes","volume":"457","author":"Sevinc","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Ecol Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1071\/WF17132","article-title":"An analysis of Southeastern US prescribed burn weather windows: Seasonal variability and EI Ni\u00f1o associations","volume":"27","author":"Chiodi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"64","article-title":"Forest fire occurrence in short term under the impacts of snow damage in south China\u2014Case study in Hunan Province","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Silvae Sin."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-020-0117-4","article-title":"Extensive cold-precipitation-freezing events in southern China and their circulation characteristics","volume":"38","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1080\/02827581.2012.683532","article-title":"Responses of Pinus massoniana and Pinus taeda to freezing in temperate forests in central China","volume":"27","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/21\/5118\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:12:02Z","timestamp":1760130722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/21\/5118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15215118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15215118","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]}}}