{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:21:14Z","timestamp":1777036874761,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFC2807201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2807201"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["21KJB510007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB510007"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["BK20230115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230115"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","award":["2022YFC2807201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2807201"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","award":["21KJB510007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB510007"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","award":["BK20230115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230115"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation Youth Fund Project","award":["2022YFC2807201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2807201"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation Youth Fund Project","award":["21KJB510007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB510007"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation Youth Fund Project","award":["BK20230115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230115"]}]},{"name":"Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories","award":["2022YFC2807201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2807201"]}]},{"name":"Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories","award":["21KJB510007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB510007"]}]},{"name":"Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories","award":["BK20230115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230115"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on the resonance fluorescence scattering mechanism, a narrowband sodium (Na) lidar can measure temperature and wind in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region. By using a narrowband spectral filter, background light noise during the day can be suppressed, allowing for continuous observations. To obtain full-diurnal-cycle temperature and wind measurement results, a complex and precise retrieval process is required, along with necessary corrections to minimize measurement errors. This paper introduces the design of a data acquisition unit for three frequencies in three directions of the Na lidar system in the Chinese Meridian Project (Phase II) and investigates the calibration and retrieval methods for obtaining diurnal temperature and horizontal wind in the MLT region, using a Na Doppler lidar with Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF). Furthermore, these methods are applied to observations conducted by a Na lidar in Beijing, China. The wind and temperature results over full diurnal cycles obtained from the all-solid-state Na Doppler lidar are reported for the first time and compared with temperature measurements from satellite, as well as wind observations from a meteor radar. The comparison demonstrates a reasonable agreement between the results, indicating the rationality of the lidar-retrieved results and the feasibility and effectiveness of the data correction and retrieval method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15215140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T09:56:36Z","timestamp":1698400596000},"page":"5140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Design of a Data Acquisition, Correction and Retrieval of Na Doppler Lidar for Diurnal Measurement of Temperature and Wind in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuewu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zelong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linmei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lifang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yajuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guotao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9555","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL074977","article-title":"The enhancement of neutral metal Na layer above thunderstorms","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11927","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-11927-2021","article-title":"The sporadic sodium layer: A possible tracer for the conjunction between the upper and lower atmospheres","volume":"21","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16865","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD01477","article-title":"Simultaneous observations of sporadic E, Na, Fe, and Ca\u00fe layers at Urbana, Illinois: Three case studies","volume":"98","author":"Gardner","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1029\/95GL01769","article-title":"Simultaneous observations of neutral and ionic magnesium in the thermosphere","volume":"22","author":"Gardner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1029\/94GL01417","article-title":"Simultaneous three-frequency Na lidar measurements of radial wind and temperature in the mesopause region","volume":"21","author":"She","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1029\/GL017i013p02345","article-title":"Iron atom densities in the polar mesosphere from lidar observations","volume":"17","author":"Alpers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1029\/96GL00372","article-title":"Upper Atmosphere Ca and Ca+ at Mid-Latitudes: First Simultaneous and Common-Volume Lidar Observations","volume":"23","author":"Alpers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29207","DOI":"10.1029\/98JA02481","article-title":"Upper atmosphere potassium layer and its seasonal variations at 54\u00b0N","volume":"103","author":"Eska","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujii, T., and Fukuchi, T. (2005). Book Laser Remote Sensing, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420030754"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2013.05.013","article-title":"Simultaneous and common-volume three-lidar observations of sporadic metal layers in the mesopause region","volume":"102","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062716","article-title":"First lidar observation of the mesospheric Ni layer","volume":"42","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6627","DOI":"10.1002\/jgra.50579","article-title":"Sporadic and thermospheric enhanced sodium layers observed by a lidar chain over China","volume":"118","author":"Dou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-010-4306-x","article-title":"Sodium fluorescence Doppler lidar to measure atmospheric temperature in the mesopause region","volume":"56","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5401","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.005401","article-title":"Narrowband sodium lidar for the measurements of mesopause region temperature and wind","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5264","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.005264","article-title":"Development of a solid-state sodium Doppler lidar using an all-fiber-coupled injection seeding unit for simultaneous temperature and wind measurements in the mesopause region","volume":"25","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16226","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.016226","article-title":"Solid-state 589 nm seed laser based on Raman fiber amplifier for sodium wind\/temperature lidar in Tibet, China","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5214","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JA020955","article-title":"First report of sporadic K layers and comparison with sporadic Na layers at Beijing, China (40.6\u00b0N, 116.2\u00b0E)","volume":"120","author":"Jiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.381699","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of the Ca and Ca+ layers by a dual-wavelength tunable lidar system","volume":"59","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2020.107468","article-title":"Lidar observations of the upper atmospheric Ni layer at Beijing (40\u00b0N, 116\u00b0E)","volume":"260","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spec. Rad. Trans."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.11728\/cjss2020.05.718","article-title":"Introduction to Chinese Meridian Project\u2014Phase II","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283807","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.00A491","article-title":"Sodium temperature\/wind lidar based on laser-diode-pumped Nd:YAG lasers deployed at Troms\u00f8, Norway (69.6\u00b0N, 19.2\u00b0E)","volume":"25","author":"Kawahara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9469","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.009469","article-title":"Retrieving mesopause temperature and line-of-sight wind from full-diurnal-cycle Na lidar observations","volume":"54","author":"Krueger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.21.001093","article-title":"Daytime mesopause temperature measurements with a sodium-vapor dispersive Faraday filter in a lidar receiver","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.36.001302","article-title":"A flat spectral Faraday filter for sodium lidar","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4100","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.004100","article-title":"Optimizing three-frequency Na, Fe, and He lidars for measurements of wind, temperature, and species density and the vertical fluxes of heat and constituents","volume":"53","author":"Gardner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1117\/12.55765","article-title":"Narrowband lidar technique for sodium temperature and Doppler wind observations of the upper atmosphere","volume":"30","author":"Bills","year":"1991","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9467","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.009467","article-title":"Photomultiplier tube calibration based on Na lidar observation and its effect on heat flux bias","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell III, J.M., Mlynczak, M.G., Gordley, L.L., Tansock, J.J., and Esplin, R. (1999, January 20). Overview of the SABER experiment and preliminary calibration results. Proceedings of the SPIE, Optical Spectroscopic Techniques and Instrumentation for Atmospheric and Space Research III, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.366382"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9916","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028742","article-title":"Validation of SABER v2.0 operational temperature data with ground-based lidars in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere region (75\u2013105 km)","volume":"123","author":"Dawkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L21809","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL026591","article-title":"SABER temperature observations in the summer polar mesosphere and lower thermosphere: Importance of accounting for the CO2v2 quanta V\u2013V exchange","volume":"33","author":"Kutepov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9013","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-9013-2012","article-title":"CO2(v2)-O quenching rate coefficient derived from coincidental SABER\/TIMED and Fort Collins lidar observations of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere","volume":"12","author":"Feofilov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.382077","article-title":"Sodium lidar observation over full diurnal cycles in Beijing, China","volume":"59","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/21\/5140\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:12:55Z","timestamp":1760130775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/21\/5140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15215140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15215140","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]}}}