{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T04:32:45Z","timestamp":1768710765124,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars","award":["XSQD202205012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSQD202205012"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars","award":["cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0260"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["XSQD202205012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSQD202205012"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0260"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The problem of accurately measuring the motion parameters of low radar cross-section (RCS) maneuvering targets has long been a hurdle in the radar technology landscape. Small targets, due to their elusive characteristics, are particularly difficult to detect with conventional radar systems. In this paper, we investigate the capabilities of dechirp-receiving stepped-frequency radar, a modern system using a linear frequency modulation signal for downconversion. This permits the radar to function at reduced sampling rates while maintaining the transmission of large-bandwidth signals and achieving synthetic imaging. Our primary contribution is introducing the stepped dechirp generalized Radon\u2013Fourier transform (stepped DGRFT) algorithm. This novel approach allows the radar system to perform coherent accumulation, enhancing the accuracy of motion parameter estimates for low-RCS maneuvering targets. Results from our simulations and measured data analysis validate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm, demonstrating its superiority over other methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15215161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T05:01:08Z","timestamp":1698555668000},"page":"5161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Coherent Accumulation for Measuring Maneuvering Weak Targets Based on Stepped Dechirp Generalized Radon\u2013Fourier Transform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuxian","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Shaoqiang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China"}]},{"given":"Bowen","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Dewu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radio Measurement, Beijing 100143, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4253-2614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quanhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2885508","article-title":"Long-Time Coherent Integration Algorithm for Radar Maneuvering Weak Target with Acceleration Rate","volume":"57","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2019.0313","article-title":"Sparse Long-Time Coherent Integration\u2013Based Detection Method for Radar Low-Observable Maneuvering Target","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5818","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2021.3078723","article-title":"Weak Target Detection in the Presence of Sea Clutter Using Radon-Fractional Fourier Transform Canceller","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2019.107259","article-title":"Joint Doppler and DOA estimation using (Ultra-)Wideband FMCW signals","volume":"168","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Radar HRRP target recognition model based on a stacked CNN\u2013Bi-RNN with attention mechanism","volume":"60","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4021005","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2022.3141429","article-title":"An Applied Ambiguity Function Based on Dechirp for MIMO Radar Signal Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3784","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2897014","article-title":"Phase Compensation and Image Autofocusing for Randomized Stepped Frequency ISAR","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3003039","article-title":"A High-Accuracy Phase-Derived Velocity Measurement Method for High-Speed Spatial Targets Based on Stepped-Frequency Chirp Signals","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3874","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2021.3082670","article-title":"Range Sidelobe Suppression for Randomized Stepped-Frequency Chirp Radar","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"71","article-title":"Synthesizing of Stretched Chirp-Step Signal: Theory and Application Techniques","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electron. Opt. Control"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2019.2929655","article-title":"Coherent detection algorithm for radar maneuvering targets based on discrete polynomial-phase transform","volume":"12","author":"Pang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8130","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3050008","article-title":"Target Detection for Multistatic Radar in the Presence of Deception Jamming","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1109\/7.745691","article-title":"SAR Imaging of Moving Targets","volume":"35","author":"Perry","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19675","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3203154","article-title":"FMCW-MIMO Radar-Based Pedestrian Trajectory Tracking Under Low-Observable Environments","volume":"22","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5114915","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2022.3186012","article-title":"A Novel Iterative Inner-Pulse Integration Target Detection Method for Bistatic Radar","volume":"60","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2951735","article-title":"An MTRC-AHP Compensation Algorithm for Bi-ISAR Imaging of Space Targets","volume":"20","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2877387","article-title":"Focusing High-Resolution High Forward-Looking Bistatic SAR with Nonequal Platform Velocities Based on Keystone Transform and Modified Nonlinear Chirp Scaling Algorithm","volume":"19","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, T.D., and Jiang, C.S. (2011, January 24\u201327). Evaluations of Keystone Transforms Using Several Interpolation Methods. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE CIE International Conference on Radar, Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIE-Radar.2011.6159939"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2011.5751251","article-title":"Radon\u2013Fourier Transform for Radar Target Detection, I: Generalized Doppler Filter Bank","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2012.0364","article-title":"Wideband-Scaled Radon-Fourier Transform for High-Speed Radar Target Detection","volume":"8","author":"Qian","year":"2014","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"686","article-title":"Adaptive Radon-Fourier Transform for Weak Radar Target Detection","volume":"99","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"13","article-title":"Computational Efficient Refocusing and Estimation Method for Radar Moving Target with Unknown Time Information","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Imag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2019.07.021","article-title":"Computational Efficient Refocusing and Estimation Method for Radar Moving Target with Unknown Time Information","volume":"166","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, L., Gao, H., Liang, L., Lu, T., and Feng, B. (2023). Radar Maneuvering Target Detection Based on Product Scale Zoom Discrete Chirp Fourier Transform. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071792"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Liu, B., and Wu, W. (2023). Long-Time Coherent Integration for Marine Targets Based on Segmented Compensation. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15184530"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23234","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3108053","article-title":"Motion Parameter Estimation and HRRP Construction for High-Speed Weak Targets Based on Modified GRFT for Synthetic-Wideband Radar with PRF Jittering","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1049\/rsn2.12094","article-title":"Dechirp-receiving Radar Target Detection Based on Generalized Radon-Fourier Transform","volume":"15","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/21\/5161\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:13:36Z","timestamp":1760130816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/21\/5161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15215161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15215161","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]]}}}