{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:39:56Z","timestamp":1760150396343,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Visiting Researcher Fund Program of the State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management","award":["2022SWG04","42201038","52242905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022SWG04","42201038","52242905"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022SWG04","42201038","52242905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022SWG04","42201038","52242905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A good water budget involving four variables, including precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (ET), streamflow (R), and terrestrial water storage change (TWSC), is reflected in two aspects: a high accuracy against observations for each budget component and the low water budget closure residual error (\u0394Res). Due to the lack of consideration of observations of budget components in existing water budget closure assessment methods (BCMs), when the \u0394Res of budget components is low, their error against respective observations may still be high. In this study, we assess the water budget closure accuracy of satellite\/reanalysis-based hydrological data products over mainland China based on six popular P products and multiple datasets of additional budget components (ET, R, and TWSC). The results indicated that the \u0394Res changes between \u00b115 mm over mainland China. Satellite P products such as GPM IMERG showed better performance by comparing them with rain gauge-based observations. However, reanalysis P products such as GLDAS and FLDAS showed a better water budget closure since the selected datasets of additional budget components (ET and R) are also derived from reanalysis datasets. This indicates that these same data sources for budget components make it easier to close the water budget. The further development of satellite P products should consider the closure of the water budget with other water cycle variables.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15215230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T10:59:54Z","timestamp":1699009194000},"page":"5230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessing the Water Budget Closure Accuracy of Satellite\/Reanalysis-Based Hydrological Data Products over Mainland China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zengliang","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1029\/2008WR006827","article-title":"Evaluation of ensemble-based distributed hydrologic model response with disaggregated precipitation products","volume":"44","author":"Forman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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