{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T05:00:58Z","timestamp":1773723658083,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0713501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0713501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42174040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKLGIE2021-Z-2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGIE2021-Z-2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0713501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0713501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42174040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKLGIE2021-Z-2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGIE2021-Z-2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011354","name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0713501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0713501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011354","name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42174040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011354","name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKLGIE2021-Z-2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGIE2021-Z-2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The precise point positioning (PPP) technique generally takes tens of minutes to converge, severely limiting its use. This longer convergence time is mainly due to the slower variation of satellite geometry in space and the stronger correlation of unknown parameters to be estimated. Fortunately, the lower orbit altitude of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites contributes to the fast variation of the satellites\u2019 spatial geometry. In addition, high-precision atmospheric delay information has become readily available, which can help decrease unknown parameters\u2019 correlation. This study proposes a double-augmentation PPP approach with accelerated convergence by tightly integrating the LEO\/atmosphere-augmented information. The GNSS observations in both mid-latitude and low-latitude areas, and simulated LEO observations under a Walker\/polar mixed constellation, are used to validate the double-augmentation PPP approach. Test results in both areas indicate that the double-augmentation PPP can converge within 0.8 min, improving the convergence time by over 73%, and over 83% compared to the LEO-only augmented PPP and atmosphere-only augmented PPP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:44:18Z","timestamp":1699317858000},"page":"5265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Rapid-Convergence Precise Point Positioning Approach Using Double Augmentations of Low Earth Orbit Satellite and Atmospheric Information"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bei","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"}]},{"given":"Changsheng","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03860","article-title":"Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks","volume":"102","author":"Zumberge","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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