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National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SXLK2022\u201302-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXLK2022\u201302-7"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SXLK2023\u201302-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXLK2023\u201302-14"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cOpen Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Coupling Process and Effect of Natural Resources Elements\u201d","award":["42107512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42107512"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cOpen Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Coupling Process and Effect of Natural Resources Elements\u201d","award":["41977077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41977077"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cOpen Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Coupling Process and Effect of Natural Resources Elements\u201d","award":["2022KFKTC004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KFKTC004"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cOpen Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Coupling Process and Effect of Natural Resources 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China\u201d","award":["41977077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41977077"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cOpen Foundation of Yinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-Hydrology National Observation and Research Station, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China\u201d","award":["2022KFKTC004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KFKTC004"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cOpen Foundation of Yinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-Hydrology National Observation and Research Station, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China\u201d","award":["YSS2022009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSS2022009"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cOpen Foundation of Yinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-Hydrology National Observation and Research Station, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China\u201d","award":["SXLK2022\u201302-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXLK2022\u201302-7"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cOpen Foundation of Yinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-Hydrology National Observation and Research Station, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China\u201d","award":["SXLK2023\u201302-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXLK2023\u201302-14"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cSpecial project of science and technology innovation plan of Shaanxi Academy of Forestry Sciences\u201d","award":["42107512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42107512"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cSpecial project of science and technology innovation plan of Shaanxi Academy of Forestry Sciences\u201d","award":["41977077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41977077"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cSpecial project of science and technology innovation plan of Shaanxi Academy of Forestry Sciences\u201d","award":["2022KFKTC004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KFKTC004"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cSpecial project of science and technology innovation plan of Shaanxi Academy of Forestry Sciences\u201d","award":["YSS2022009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSS2022009"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cSpecial project of science and technology innovation plan of Shaanxi Academy of Forestry Sciences\u201d","award":["SXLK2022\u201302-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXLK2022\u201302-7"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cSpecial project of science and technology innovation plan of Shaanxi Academy of Forestry Sciences\u201d","award":["SXLK2023\u201302-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXLK2023\u201302-14"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) serves as a crucial and intuitive indicator for assessing ecosystem health. However, the nonlinear dynamics and influencing factors operating at various time scales are not yet fully understood. Here, the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method was used to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of NPP and its association with hydrothermal factors and anthropogenic activities across different temporal scales for the Yellow River Basin (YRB) from 2000 to 2020. The results indicate that: (1) the annual average NPP was 236.37 g C\/m2 in the YRB and increased at rates of 4.64 g C\/m2\/a1 (R2 = 0.86, p &lt; 0.01) during 2000 to 2020. Spatially, nonlinear analysis indicates that 72.77% of the study area exhibits a predominantly increasing trend in NPP, while 25.17% exhibits a reversing trend. (2) On a 3-year time scale, warming has resulted in an increase in NPP in the majority of areas of the study area (69.49%). As the time scale widens, the response of vegetation to climate change becomes more prominent; especially under the long-term trend, the percentage areas of the correlation between vegetation and precipitation and temperature increased with significance, reaching 48.21% and 11.57%, respectively. (3) Through comprehensive time analysis and multivariate regression analysis, it was confirmed that both human activities and climate factors had comparable impacts on vegetation growth. Among different vegetation types, climate was still the main factor affecting grassland NPP, and only 15.74% of grassland was affected by human activities. For shrubland, forest, and farmland, human activity was a dominating factor for vegetation NPP change. There are still few studies on vegetation change using nonlinear methods in the Yellow River Basin, and most studies have not considered the effect of time scale on vegetation evolution. The findings highlight the significance of multi-time scale analysis in understanding the vegetation dynamics and providing scientific guidance for future vegetation restoration and conservation efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T11:25:31Z","timestamp":1699356331000},"page":"5273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Spatial\u2013Temporal Variation Characteristics and Driving Factors of Net Primary Production in the Yellow River Basin over Multiple Time Scales"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}]},{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3753-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongming","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}]},{"given":"Peidong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}]},{"given":"Zijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}]},{"given":"Haijing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"IPCC, 2021: Climate change 2021-the physical science basis","volume":"49","author":"Legg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interaction"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, J., Liu, Q., Wang, S., and Huang, C. 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