{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T05:32:55Z","timestamp":1770269575000,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/M011224\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M011224\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Alan Turing Institute","award":["BB\/M011224\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M011224\/1"]}]},{"name":"Turing Internship Network","award":["BB\/M011224\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M011224\/1"]}]},{"name":"Peak District National Park Authority","award":["BB\/M011224\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M011224\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land cover (LC) maps are used extensively for nature conservation and landscape planning, but low spatial resolution and coarse LC schemas typically limit their applicability to large, broadly defined habitats. In order to target smaller and more-specific habitats, LC maps must be developed at high resolution and fine class detail using automated methods that can efficiently scale to large areas of interest. In this work, we present a Machine Learning approach that addresses this challenge. First, we developed a multi-stage semantic segmentation approach that uses Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to classify LC across the Peak District National Park (PDNP, 1439 km2) in the UK using a detailed, hierarchical LC schema. High-level classes were predicted with 95% accuracy and were subsequently used as masks to predict low-level classes with 72% to 92% accuracy. Next, we used these predictions to analyse the degree and distribution of fragmentation of one specific habitat\u2014wet grassland and rush pasture\u2014at the landscape scale in the PDNP. We found that fragmentation varied across areas designated as primary habitat, highlighting the importance of high-resolution LC maps provided by CNN-powered analysis for nature conservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T11:25:31Z","timestamp":1699356331000},"page":"5277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multi-Stage Semantic Segmentation Quantifies Fragmentation of Small Habitats at a Landscape Scale"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5490-1785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thijs L.","family":"van der Plas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Training Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3NP, UK"},{"name":"Peak District National Park Authority, Bakewell DE45 1AE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7189-9117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon T.","family":"Geikie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peak District National Park Authority, Bakewell DE45 1AE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5126-9419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peak District National Park Authority, Bakewell DE45 1AE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6318-4052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Simms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Remote Sensing Group, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2020.04.005","article-title":"Addressing the need for improved land cover map products for policy support","volume":"112","author":"Szantoi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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