{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:39:14Z","timestamp":1760150354982,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42004129","2022YFC3003402","20KJB170005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004129","2022YFC3003402","20KJB170005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42004129","2022YFC3003402","20KJB170005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004129","2022YFC3003402","20KJB170005"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Education Department","award":["42004129","2022YFC3003402","20KJB170005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004129","2022YFC3003402","20KJB170005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In ground-penetrating radar (GPR) or lunar-penetrating radar (LPR) interpretation, instantaneous attributes (e.g., instantaneous energy and instantaneous frequency) are often utilized for attribute analysis, and they can also be integrated into a new attribute, i.e., the instantaneous centroid frequency. Traditionally, the estimation of instantaneous attributes calls for complex trace analysis or energy operator schemes (e.g., the Teager\u2013Kaiser energy operator, TKEO). In this work, we introduce the 1D higher-order differential energy operator (1D-HODEO) to track instantaneous attributes with better localization. In collocation with the mode decomposition algorithms, the 1D-HODEO performs along each A-scan on the decomposed mode slices to form the final profile of instantaneous centroid frequency by using the piece-wise correlation coefficients. Both a numerical model for simulating two-layer lunar regolith and the LPR Yutu-2 data show that the proposed instantaneous centroid frequency profile on the 1D-HODEO has better resolution, in comparison with that of TKEO and the traditional time-varying centroid frequency. In this work, we present a new approach for extracting instantaneous centroid frequency attributes which provides more comprehensive information in lunar stratigraphic interpretation and LPR attribute analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T10:19:27Z","timestamp":1699525167000},"page":"5305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The LPR Instantaneous Centroid Frequency Attribute Based on the 1D Higher-Order Differential Energy Operator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2016-9420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuebing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Prospecting Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5562-4513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengchun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Prospecting Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China"}]},{"given":"Bonan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Transportation Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7451-9145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Prospecting Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"given":"Jiangang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Geological Exploration Institute, China Metallurgical Geology Bureau, Weifang 261021, China"}]},{"given":"Yipeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Transportation Engineering Group Ltd., Nanchang 330038, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Prospecting Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Transportation Engineering Group Ltd., Nanchang 330038, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Z., Feng, X., Zhou, H., Liu, C., and Liang, W. 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