{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T17:45:12Z","timestamp":1783273512857,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFC3004302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3004302"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["41929001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41929001"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["4192900003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4192900003"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["300203211263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300203211263"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFC3004302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3004302"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41929001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41929001"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["4192900003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4192900003"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["300203211263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300203211263"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University","award":["2022YFC3004302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3004302"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University","award":["41929001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41929001"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University","award":["4192900003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4192900003"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University","award":["300203211263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300203211263"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Shishapangma region, situated in the middle of the Himalayas, is rich in glacial lakes and glaciers. Hence, glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) have become a top priority because of the severe threat posed by GLOFs to the downstream settlements. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of GLOF hazards using multi-source remote sensing datasets and designs a flood model considering the different breaching depths and release volumes for the Galong Co region. Based on high-resolution optical images, we derived the expanding lake area and volume of glacial lakes. We monitored deformation velocity and long-term deformation time series around the lake dam with Small BAseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-InSAR). The glacier thinning trend was obtained from the difference in the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). We identified potential avalanche sources by combining topographic slope and measurable deformation. We then carried out flood modeling under three different scenarios using the hydrodynamic model HEC-RAS for Galong Co, which is formed upstream of Nyalam. The results show that the Nyalam region is exposed to high-intensity GLOFs in all scenarios. The larger breaching depth and release volumes caused a greater flow depth and peak discharge. Overall, the multiple remote sensing approaches can be applied to other glacial lakes, and the modeling can be used as a basis for GLOF mitigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:46:47Z","timestamp":1699843607000},"page":"5327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Monitoring and Modeling through Integrating Multiple Remote Sensing Methods and HEC-RAS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5958-6785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liye","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4456-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaojun","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Surface Process, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5730-9602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6744-7291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1234532","article-title":"A reconciled estimate of glacier contributions to sea level rise: 2003 to 2009","volume":"340","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11324","article-title":"Contrasting patterns of early twenty-first-century glacier mass change in the Himalayas","volume":"488","author":"Berthier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-407-2017","article-title":"Spatial variability in mass loss of glaciers in the Everest region, central Himalayas, between 2000 and 2015","volume":"11","author":"King","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-6182(99)00035-X","article-title":"An overview of glacial hazards in the Himalayas","volume":"65","author":"Richardson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Quat. 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