{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T11:11:09Z","timestamp":1767006669243,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science","award":["ZDBS-LY-JSC036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDBS-LY-JSC036"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On-board processing is increasingly prevalent due to its efficient utilization of satellite resources. Among these resources, geometric rectification can significantly enhance positioning accuracy for subsequent tasks, such as object detection. This approach mitigates the heavy burden on downlink bandwidth and minimizes time delays by transmitting targeted patches rather than raw data. However, existing rectification methods are often unsuitable due to the limitations and conditions imposed on satellites. Factors like hardware quality, heat dissipation, storage space, and geographic positioning are frequently constrained and prone to inaccuracies. This paper proposes a novel on-board rectification method. The method introduces a two-step matching framework to address substantial positioning errors and incorporates a feature-compression strategy to reduce the storage space of reference patches. Quantitative and practical experiments demonstrate the method\u2019s efficacy in terms of storage space, time efficiency, and geometric rectification accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:46:47Z","timestamp":1699843607000},"page":"5333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["On-Board Geometric Rectification for Micro-Satellite Based on Lightweight Feature Database"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Linhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2063-9816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuming","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Hongjian","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salazar, C., Gonzalez-Llorente, J., Cardenas, L., Mendez, J., Rincon, S., Rodriguez-Ferreira, J., and Acero, I.F. (2022). Cloud Detection Autonomous System Based on Machine Learning and COTS Components On-Board Small Satellites. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215597"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2806218","article-title":"Modern small satellites-changing the economics of space","volume":"106","author":"Sweeting","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.08.048","article-title":"NASA\u2019s CubeSat Launch Initiative: Enabling broad access to space","volume":"157","author":"Crusan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5063145","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5063145","article-title":"Towards the Thousandth CubeSat: A Statistical Overview","volume":"2019","author":"Villela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s11554-017-0741-0","article-title":"Embedded GPU implementation of sensor correction for on-board real-time stream computing of high-resolution optical satellite imagery","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Real-Time Image Process."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1109\/TCI.2017.2655448","article-title":"Online Target Recognition for Time-Sensitive Space Information Networks","volume":"3","author":"Huo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, P., Li, Q., Zhang, B., Wu, F., Zhao, K., Du, X., Yang, C., and Zhong, R. (2021). On-Board Real-Time Ship Detection in HISEA-1 SAR Images Based on CFAR and Lightweight Deep Learning. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101995"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, B., Shi, H., Zhuang, Y., Chen, H., and Chen, L. (2018). On-Board, Real-Time Preprocessing System for Optical Remote-Sensing Imagery. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051328"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Jiang, Z., Zhang, H., and Zhou, Y. (2019). On-Board Ship Detection in Micro-Nano Satellite Based on Deep Learning and COTS Component. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070762"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Chi, Z., Hui, F., Li, T., Liu, X., Zhang, B., Cheng, X., and Chen, Z. (2021). Accuracy Evaluation on Geolocation of the Chinese First Polar Microsatellite (Ice Pathfinder) Imagery. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214278"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Chen, Q., Yan, X., and Ren, W. (2022, January 25\u201327). Challenges for next generation micro-SAR: Lessons learned from China\u2019s first light and small commercial SAR satellite-Hisea-1. Proceedings of the EUSAR 2022; 14th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, VDE, Leipzig, Germany."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.2998838","article-title":"Ground Control Point Automatic Extraction for Spaceborne Georeferencing Based on FPGA","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Ke, N.Y., and Sukthankar, R. (July, January 27). PCA-SIFT: A more distinctive representation for local image descriptors. Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gang Hua, E.A. (2007, January 14\u201321). Discriminant Embedding for Local Image Descriptors. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2007.4408857"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calonder, M., Lepetit, V., Fua, P., Konolige, K., Bowman, J., and Mihelich, P. (October, January 29). Compact signatures for high-speed interest point description and matching. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision, Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2009.5459272"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.57","article-title":"Product Quantization for Nearest Neighbor Search","volume":"33","author":"Douze","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041014","article-title":"A New FPGA Architecture of FAST and BRIEF Algorithm for On-Board Corner Detection and Matching","volume":"18","author":"Jingjin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints","volume":"60","author":"Low","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bay, H., Tuytelaars, T., and Gool, L.V. (2006, January 7\u201313). SURF: Speeded up robust features. Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Vision-Volume Part I, Graz, Austria.","DOI":"10.1007\/11744023_32"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-V-2-2020-105-2020","article-title":"On-Board GCPs Matching With Improved Triplet Loss Function","volume":"V-2-2020","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Zhou, G., Huang, J., Zhang, R., Shu, L., Zhou, X., and Xin, C. (2019). On-Board Georeferencing Using FPGA-Based Optimized Second-Order Polynomial Equation. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020124"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., Chen, H., and Xie, Y. (2021). An Efficient Dual-Channel Data Storage and Access Method for Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Real-Time Processing. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10060662"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8905","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1500728","article-title":"An FPGA-based implementation of corner detection and matching with outlier rejection","volume":"39","author":"Jingjin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9733","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2022.3218440","article-title":"FPGA-Based Implementation of Ship Detection for Satellite On-Board Processing","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1488296","article-title":"Real-time ortho-rectification for remote-sensing images","volume":"40","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, G., Wang, M., Zhang, Z., Xiang, S., and He, L. (2021). Near Real-Time Automatic Sub-Pixel Registration of Panchromatic and Multispectral Images for Pan-Sharpening. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183674"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Image features from phase congruency","volume":"1","author":"Kovesi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Videre J. Comput. Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1966.1053907","article-title":"Run-length encodings (corresp.)","volume":"12","author":"Golomb","year":"1966","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Han, L., and Ye, Y. (2022). Self-supervised keypoint detection and cross-fusion matching networks for multimodal remote sensing image registration. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153599"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"4006305","article-title":"A Robust Multi-scale Edge Detection Method for Accurate SAR Image Registration","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5215320","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2023.3309855","article-title":"A Global-to-local Algorithm for High-resolution Optical and SAR Image Registration","volume":"61","author":"Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4703316","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2023.3288531","article-title":"A Robust Oriented Filter-Based Matching Method for Multisource, Multitemporal Remote Sensing Images","volume":"61","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"4704418","article-title":"Explore Better Network Framework for High-Resolution Optical and SAR Image Matching","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/22\/5333\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:21:58Z","timestamp":1760131318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/22\/5333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15225333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15225333","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]]}}}