{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T16:26:06Z","timestamp":1773246366290,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U20A0193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A0193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021RC3073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RC3073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["U20A0193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A0193"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["2021RC3073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RC3073"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spoofing interference poses a significant challenge to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). To effectively combat intermediate spoofing signals, this paper presents an enhanced spoofing detection method based on abnormal energy of the quadrature (Q) channel correlators. The detailed principle of this detection method is introduced based on the received signal model under spoofing attack. The normalization parameter used in this method was the estimation of the noise floor. The performance of the proposed Q energy detector is validated through simulations, the Texas Spoofing Test Battery dataset and field tests. The results demonstrate that the proposed detector significantly enhances detection performance compared to signal quality monitoring methods, particularly in overpowered scenarios and dynamic scenarios. By increasing the detection probability in the presence of spoofing signals and decreasing the false alarm probability in the absence of spoofing signals, the proposed detector can better meet the requirements of practical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:46:47Z","timestamp":1699843607000},"page":"5337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["GNSS Spoofing Detection Using Q Channel Energy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Chunjiang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Guangfu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"127072","article-title":"GPS vulnerability to spoofing threats and a review of antispoofing techniques","volume":"2012","author":"Broumandan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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