{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T18:05:19Z","timestamp":1774289119587,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Foundation of Donghai Laboratory","award":["DH-2022KF01010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DH-2022KF01010"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation of Donghai Laboratory","award":["41976165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41976165"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation of Donghai Laboratory","award":["LGF21D010004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF21D010004"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["DH-2022KF01010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DH-2022KF01010"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41976165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41976165"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LGF21D010004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF21D010004"]}]},{"name":"Basic Public Welfare Research Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["DH-2022KF01010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DH-2022KF01010"]}]},{"name":"Basic Public Welfare Research Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["41976165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41976165"]}]},{"name":"Basic Public Welfare Research Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["LGF21D010004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF21D010004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Offshore wind farms (OWFs), built extensively in recent years, induce changes in the surrounding water environment. The changes in the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-aC) induced by an OWF in the Yangtze River Estuary were analyzed based on Chinese Gaofen (GF) satellite data. The results show the following: (1) The flow near the wind turbines makes the bottom water surge, driving the sediment to \u201cre-suspend\u201d and be lost, deepening the scour pit around the bottom of the wind turbines, which is known as \u201cself-digging\u201d. The interaction between the pillar of a wind turbine and tidal currents makes hydrodynamic factors more complicated. Blocking by wind turbines promoting the scour of the bottom seabed of the OWF results in speeding up the circulation rate of sediment loss and \u201cre-suspension\u201d, which contributes to the change in the SSC and Chl-aC. This kind of change in sediment transport in estuarine areas due to human construction affects the balance of the ecological environment. Long-term sediment loss around wind turbines also influences the safety of wind turbines. (2) The SSC and Chl-aC are mainly in the range of 200\u2013600 mg\/L and 3\u20137 \u03bcg\/L, respectively, in the OWF area, higher than the values obtained in surrounding waters. The SSC and Chl-aC downstream of the OWF are higher than those upstream, with differences of 100\u2013300 mg\/L and 0.5\u20132 \u03bcg\/L. High SSC and Chl-aC \u201ctails\u201d appear downstream of wind turbines, consistent with the direction of local tidal currents, with lengths in the range of 2\u20134 km. In addition, the water environment in the vicinity of a wind turbine array, with a roughly 2\u20135 km scope (within 4 km during flooding and around 2.5 km during ebbing approximately) downstream of the wind turbine array, is impacted by the OWF. (3) In order to solve the problem of \u201cself-digging\u201d induced by OWFs, it is suggested that the distance between two wind turbines should be controlled within 2\u20133.5 km in the main flow direction, promising that the second row of wind turbines will be placed on the suspended sediment deposition belt induced by the first row. In this way, the problems of ecosystem imbalance and tidal current structure change caused by sediment loss because of local scouring can be reduced. Furthermore, mutual compensation between wind turbines can solve the \u201cself-digging\u201d problem to a certain extent and ensure the safety of OWFs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T02:20:37Z","timestamp":1699928437000},"page":"5347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Study on the Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Surrounding Water Environment in the Yangtze Estuary Based on Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lina","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}]},{"given":"Qunfei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1167-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongfeng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan 316021, China"}]},{"given":"Yuanzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Xinkai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan 316021, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"Influence on the biological community and environmental factors around Qi\u2019ao Island caused by reclamation project","volume":"36","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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