{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T14:36:18Z","timestamp":1762094178501,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62071476","62301581","1908085QF252","2108085QF257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071476","62301581","1908085QF252","2108085QF257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003995","name":"Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62071476","62301581","1908085QF252","2108085QF257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071476","62301581","1908085QF252","2108085QF257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we investigated two waveform design problems for a dual-functional radar communication (DFRC) system, taking into consideration different constrained communication quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. Our objective was to minimize the mean-square error (MSE) of radar beampattern matching as the cost function. To this end, the multi-user interference (MUI) energy constraint and constructive interference (CI) constraint were, respectively, formulated to ensure the communication QoS. It is important to note that we designed a strict per-user MUI energy constraint at each sampling moment to achieve more accurate control over communication performance. Additionally, we introduced a constant-modulus constraint to optimize the efficiency of the radio frequency (RF) amplifier. To tackle the nonconvex waveform design problems encountered, we employed the alternative direction methods of multipliers (ADMM) technique. This allowed us to decompose the original problem into two solvable subproblems, which were then solved using the majorization\u2013minimization (MM) method and geometrical structure. Finally, we obtained extensive simulation results which demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T02:20:37Z","timestamp":1699928437000},"page":"5350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Unimodular Waveform Design for the DFRC System with Constrained Communication QoS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4959-4025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei 230037, China"}]},{"given":"Qingsong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei 230037, China"}]},{"given":"Zhongrui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei 230037, China"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei 230037, China"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei 230037, China"}]},{"given":"Jianyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei 230037, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.08.042","article-title":"Exploiting dynamic spatio-temporal correlations for citywide traffic flow prediction using attention based neural networks","volume":"577","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10486-4","article-title":"A data aggregation based approach to exploit dynamic spatio-temporal correlations for citywide crowd flows prediction in fog computing","volume":"80","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2021.10.021","article-title":"Exploiting dynamic spatio-temporal graph convolutional neural networks for citywide traffic flows prediction","volume":"145","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2016.150216","article-title":"Optimization theory-based radar waveform design for spectrally dense environments","volume":"31","author":"Aubry","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2023.3279900","article-title":"Bistatic MIMO DFRC System Waveform Design via Fractional Programming","volume":"71","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.2973976","article-title":"Joint radar and communication design: Applications, state-of-the-art, and the road ahead","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Zhao, Z., Tong, F., Sun, P., Feng, X., and Zhao, Z. (2023). Joint Design of Transmitting Waveform and Receiving Filter via Novel Riemannian Idea for DFRC System. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143548"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Huang, Z., Zhou, Q., Zhang, J., Yang, Z., and Zhang, K. (2023). Unimodular waveform design for integrated radar communication and jamming. Digit. Signal Process., 143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2023.104236"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2023.3259549","article-title":"Waveform Design for MIMO Dual-Functional Radar-Communication System Using MUI Energy Minimization With PAPR and CRB Constraints","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Liu, Y., Liao, G., and Chen, Y. (2023). Joint Radar and Communications Waveform Design Based on Complementary Sequence Sets. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030645"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2021.3113120","article-title":"An overview of signal processing techniques for joint communication and radar sensing","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Euziere, J., Guinvarc\u2019h, R., Lesturgie, M., Uguen, B., and Gillard, R. (2014, January 13\u201317). Dual Function Radar Communication Time-Modulated Array. Proceedings of the 2014 International Radar Conference, Lille, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2014.7060416"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2505667","article-title":"Dual-function radar-communications: Information embedding using sidelobe control and waveform diversity","volume":"64","author":"Hassanien","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BouDaher, E., Hassanien, A., Aboutanios, E., and Amin, M.G. (2016, January 2\u20136). Towards a Dual-Function MIMO Radar-Communication System. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf), Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2016.7485316"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2016.150225","article-title":"Signaling strategies for dual-function radar communications: An overview","volume":"31","author":"Hassanien","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2015.0484","article-title":"Phase-modulation based dual-function radar-communications","volume":"10","author":"Hassanien","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2018.06.018","article-title":"Dual-function radar-communications using QAM-based sidelobe modulation","volume":"82","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2019.107443","article-title":"MIMO waveform design combined with constellation mapping for the integrated system of radar and communication","volume":"170","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2018.08.010","article-title":"A dual-function MIMO radar-communication system via waveform permutation","volume":"83","author":"Hassanien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2018.2866038","article-title":"Dual-function MIMO radar communications system design via sparse array optimization","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2021.3118219","article-title":"FRaC: FMCW-based joint radar-communications system via index modulation","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2020.2994394","article-title":"MAJoRCom: A dual-function radar communication system using index modulation","volume":"68","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2022.3142909","article-title":"Joint radar and communications for frequency-hopped MIMO systems","volume":"70","author":"Baxter","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3219888","article-title":"Hybrid index modulation for dual-functional radar communications systems","volume":"72","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2021.3081176","article-title":"Frequency-hopping MIMO radar-based communications: An overview","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11659","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3016470","article-title":"Super-resolution range and velocity estimations with OFDM integrated radar and communications waveform","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8301","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3091806","article-title":"Optimized waveforms for 5G\u20136G communication with sensing: Theory, simulations and experiments","volume":"20","author":"Liyanaarachchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2019.05.001","article-title":"Robust OFDM integrated radar and communications waveform design based on information theory","volume":"162","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2781149","article-title":"On mutual interference cancellation in a MIMO OFDM multiuser radar-communication network","volume":"67","author":"Sit","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rong, J., Liu, F., and Miao, Y. (2022). Integrated Radar and Communications Waveform Design Based on Multi-Symbol OFDM. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194705"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4264","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2847648","article-title":"Toward Dual-Functional Radar-Communication Systems: Optimal Waveform Design","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2020.107530","article-title":"Constrained Waveform Design for Dual-Functional MIMO Radar-Communication System","volume":"171","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2022.103486","article-title":"Direct Transmit Waveform Design to Match a Desired Beampattern under the Constant Modulus Constraint","volume":"126","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2020.107956","article-title":"Integrated Radar and Communication Waveform Design Based on a Shared Array","volume":"182","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2022.3193384","article-title":"Exploiting Constructive Interference in Symbol Level Hybrid Beamforming for Dual-Function Radar-Communication System","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3122980","article-title":"Dual-functional radar-communication waveform design: Interference reduction versus exploitation","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7238","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3156893","article-title":"Secure dual-functional radar-communication transmission: Exploiting interference for resilience against target eavesdropping","volume":"21","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3155501","article-title":"Joint Waveform and Filter Designs for STAP-SLP-Based MIMO-DFRC Systems","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2021.3111438","article-title":"Dual-Functional Radar-Communication Waveform Design: A Symbol-Level Precoding Approach","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2022.108828","article-title":"Interference Optimized Dual-Functional Radar-Communication Waveform Design with Low PAPR and Range Sidelobe","volume":"204","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Song, Y., Jiang, N., Xie, Z., Fan, C., and Huang, X. (2023). Enhanced Doppler Resolution and Sidelobe Suppression Performance for Golay Complementary Waveforms. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092452"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4912","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2017.2718976","article-title":"Constant Modulus Waveform Design for MIMO Radar Transmit Beampattern","volume":"65","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horn, R.A., and Johnson, C.R. (2012). Matrix Analysis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139020411"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/22\/5350\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:22:31Z","timestamp":1760131351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/22\/5350"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15225350"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15225350","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]}}}