{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T17:05:30Z","timestamp":1783011930213,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32171784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171784"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["21B0246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21B0246"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Youth Project of the Scientific Research Foundation of the Hunan Provincial Department of Education","award":["32171784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171784"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Youth Project of the Scientific Research Foundation of the Hunan Provincial Department of Education","award":["21B0246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21B0246"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forests, commonly viewed as the Earth\u2019s lungs, play a crucial role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, regulating the globe, and maintaining ecological equilibrium. The assessment of aboveground biomass (AGB) serves as a pivotal indicator for evaluating forest quality. By integrating remote sensing images with a small number of ground-measured samples to map, forest AGBs can significantly reduce time and labor costs. Current research mainly focuses on improving the accuracy of mapping forest AGBs, such as integrating multiple-sensors remote sensing data and models. However, due to uncertainties associated with remote sensing images and complexities inherent in forest structures, the accuracy of mapping forest AGBs is constrained by both the quantity and distribution of ground samples available. The development of transfer learning methods can fully utilize ground-based measurement data and enable the application of samples across regions and time. To evaluate the potential of transfer learning methods in mapping forest AGBs, this study conducted a spatial\u2013temporal transfer of spectral variables (SVs) and prediction models (PMs) using a direct-push transfer method, and a new evaluation metric, relative change of R-squared (RCRS), was proposed to assess the transferability of SVs and PMs. The results showed that the transferability of SVs and PMs in the spatial target domain is obviously greater than that in the temporal target domain. Compared to the temporal target domain, the RCRS for transfer SVs in the spatial target domain was lower by 20.89 (oak) and 20.88 (Chinese fir) and for transfer PMs by 24.16 (oak) and 24.79 (Chinese fir). Tree species is also one of the main factors affecting the spatial and temporal transfer of SVs, and it is challenging to transfer SVs between different tree species. The results also show that nonparametric models have better generalization performance, and their transferability is much greater than that of parametric models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:47:48Z","timestamp":1700009268000},"page":"5358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluating the Transferability of Spectral Variables and Prediction Models for Mapping Forest Aboveground Biomass Using Transfer Learning Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Forestry Remote Sensing & Information Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forestry Remote Sensing Based Big Data & Ecological Security for Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Forest Resources Management and Monitoring in Southern Area, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Forestry Remote Sensing & Information Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forestry Remote Sensing Based Big Data & Ecological Security for Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Forest Resources Management and Monitoring in Southern Area, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9971-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangping","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Forestry Remote Sensing & Information Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forestry Remote Sensing Based Big Data & Ecological Security for Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Forest Resources Management and Monitoring in Southern Area, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8688-9458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaohua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Forestry Remote Sensing & Information Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forestry Remote Sensing Based Big Data & Ecological Security for Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Forest Resources Management and Monitoring in Southern Area, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peisong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Forestry Remote Sensing & Information Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forestry Remote Sensing Based Big Data & Ecological Security for Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Forest Resources Management and Monitoring in Southern Area, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9738-3874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingchen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Forestry Remote Sensing & Information Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forestry Remote Sensing Based Big Data & Ecological Security for Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Forest Resources Management and Monitoring in Southern Area, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12511","article-title":"Searching for resilience: Addressing the impacts of changing disturbance regimes on forest ecosystem services","volume":"53","author":"Seidl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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