{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:42:04Z","timestamp":1760150524579,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFD2401202","2022YFF0503904","2022A1515010113","GXWD20220811163556003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD2401202","2022YFF0503904","2022A1515010113","GXWD20220811163556003"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2022YFD2401202","2022YFF0503904","2022A1515010113","GXWD20220811163556003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD2401202","2022YFF0503904","2022A1515010113","GXWD20220811163556003"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Higher Education Institutions Stabilization Support Program Project","award":["2022YFD2401202","2022YFF0503904","2022A1515010113","GXWD20220811163556003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD2401202","2022YFF0503904","2022A1515010113","GXWD20220811163556003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the proliferation of remote sensing satellites has dramatically increased the demands of Earth observation and observing efficiency. Designing a promising satellite resource scheduling method is a pivotal way to meet the requirements of this scenario. However, with hundreds or more satellites involved, the existing optimization methods struggle to address the NP-hard resource scheduling problem effectively. In this paper, an approach named software-defined satellite observation (SDSO) is proposed. First, adopting the new design ideology, we define a unified specification based on a discrete spatial grid to describe the observation capability of all satellites. The observation resources are virtualized using the virtual resource pool technique and then stored in the database in advance, implementing on-demand acquisition for observation resources. Next, we designed a model of the remote sensing satellite resource scheduling problem based on a virtual resource pool and designed a solution method for searching information within the virtual resource pool. Finally, the experimental results show that the computational efficiency of the proposed SDSO methodology has a substantial advantage over the traditional methods. Meanwhile, with the growing number of satellites involved in scheduling, there is only a slight degradation in the execution performance of our method, while the time complexity of optimization-based approaches increases exponentially.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T00:49:47Z","timestamp":1700182187000},"page":"5388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Software-Defined Satellite Observation: A Fast Method Based on Virtual Resource Pools"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China"}]},{"given":"Yamin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8874-9726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiangqiang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China"}]},{"given":"Shizhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Centre for Resources Satellite Data and Application, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.1.148.15134","article-title":"Three Scheduling Algorithms Applied to the Earth Observing Systems Domain","volume":"46","author":"Wolfe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2715","article-title":"Survey on Models, Algorithms and General Techniques for Spacecraft Mission Scheduling","volume":"47","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zidonghua Xuebao\/Acta Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2601926","article-title":"Maximizing the value of an earth observation satellite orbit","volume":"56","author":"Cordeau","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2005.12.026","article-title":"A heuristic for the multi-satellite, multi-orbit and multi-user management of Earth observation satellites","volume":"177","author":"Bianchessi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"652","article-title":"A heuristic method for Earth Observing Satellites united imaging scheduling","volume":"30","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00188-6","article-title":"Enumeration and interactive selection of efficient paths in a multiple criteria graph for scheduling an earth observing satellite","volume":"139","author":"Gabrel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2008.01.001","article-title":"Planning and scheduling algorithms for the COSMO-SkyMed constellation","volume":"12","author":"Bianchessi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Scheduling model and algorithms for autonomous electromagnetic detection satellites","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hangkong Xuebao\/Acta Aeronaut. Astronaut. Sin."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46632-2_24","article-title":"A Hybrid Navigation Constellation Inter-satellite Link Assignment Algorithm for the Integrated Optimization of the Inter-satellite Observing and Communication Performance","volume":"Volume 342","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC) 2015 Proceedings: Volume III"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"61","article-title":"Multicriteria optimal imaging scheduling based on time ordered acyclic directed graph","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.-Natl. Univ. Def. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Wang, J. (2007). Research on Modeling and Optimization Techniques in United Mission Scheduling of Imaging Satellites. [Ph.D. Thesis, National University of Defense Technology]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(94)90385-9","article-title":"Maximizing the value of a space mission","volume":"78","author":"Hall","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"111","article-title":"VRP and JSP models of coordinate scheduling problem for observing satellites","volume":"24","year":"2006","journal-title":"Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"19","article-title":"MIP Model and algorithm for resolving scheduling of earth observation satellites","volume":"26","author":"Gu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spacecr. TT&C Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2019.03.016","article-title":"A two-stage flow-shop scheme for the multi-satellite observation and data-downlink scheduling problem considering weather uncertainties","volume":"188","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026488509554","article-title":"Earth observation satellite management","volume":"4","author":"Bensana","year":"1999","journal-title":"Constraints"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10878-006-7912-4","article-title":"Strengthened 0\u20131 linear formulation for the daily satellite mission planning","volume":"11","author":"Gabrel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comb. Optim."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"304","article-title":"An algorithm for satellite imaging scheduling based on lagrangian relaxation and max weighted component algorithm","volume":"29","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2011.02.015","article-title":"A model, a heuristic and a decision support system to solve the scheduling problem of an earth observing satellite constellation","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X.-L., Jiang, W., and Li, Y.-J. (2012, January 20\u201322). Mutation particle swarm optimization for earth observation satellite mission planning. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Management Science & Engineering 19th Annual Conference Proceedings, Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMSE.2012.6414189"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2013.04.009","article-title":"Image collection planning for Korea multi-purpose SATellite-2","volume":"230","author":"Jang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S1270-9638(02)01173-2","article-title":"Selecting and scheduling observations of agile satellites","volume":"6","author":"Verfaillie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2019.03.005","article-title":"Scheduling multiple agile earth observation satellites with an edge computing framework and a constructive heuristic algorithm","volume":"95","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s42405-018-0105-4","article-title":"Heuristic-based mission planning for an agile earth observation satellite","volume":"20","author":"Mok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Aeronaut. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.07.026","article-title":"An anytime branch and bound algorithm for agile earth observation satellite onboard scheduling","volume":"60","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531452","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1531452","article-title":"A hybrid genetic algorithm for satellite image downlink scheduling problem","volume":"2018","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Discret. Dyn. Nat. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"271","article-title":"Planning and scheduling method for multi agile satellite coordinated mission","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2017.04.006","article-title":"An adaptive large neighborhood search metaheuristic for agile satellite scheduling with time-dependent transition time","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2014.10.006","article-title":"Mission scheduling optimization of SAR satellite constellation for minimizing system response time","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2017.11.009","article-title":"Onboard mission planning for agile satellite using modified mixed-integer linear programming","volume":"72","author":"She","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.11.058","article-title":"A mixed integer linear programming model for multi-satellite scheduling","volume":"275","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank, J., Do, M., and Tran, T. (2016, January 8\u201311). Scheduling ocean color observations for a GEO-stationary satellite. Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1609\/icaps.v26i1.13780"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLI-B1-475-2016","article-title":"Multi-satellite scheduling approach for dynamic areal tasks triggered by emergent disasters","volume":"1","author":"Niu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2018.04.021","article-title":"Priority-based and conflict-avoidance heuristics for multi-satellite scheduling","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.11.043","article-title":"Mixed-integer programming models for optimal constellation scheduling given cloud cover uncertainty","volume":"275","author":"Valicka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.11.010","article-title":"Scheduling algorithms for rapid imaging using agile Cubesat constellations","volume":"61","author":"Nag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-017-2889-8","article-title":"A two-phase genetic annealing method for integrated Earth observation satellite scheduling problems","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2018.06.020","article-title":"An improved adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm for multiple agile satellites scheduling","volume":"100","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2014.02.014","article-title":"A data transmission scheduling algorithm for rapid-response earth-observing operations","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7301","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3205368","article-title":"A Machine Learning Assisted Method for Coverage Optimization in a Network of Mobile Sensors","volume":"19","author":"Mahboubi","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakovlev, S., Kiseleva, O., Chumachenko, D., and Podzeha, D. (2023). Maximum Service Coverage in Business Site Selection Using Computer Geometry Software. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12102329"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Benosman, M., Boufounos, P., and Vaccaro, R. (2015). Resolution-Directed Optimization-Based Distributed Sensing, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"MicroImages Inc. (2012, May 17). Google Maps Structure [EB\/OL]. Available online: http:\/\/www.microimages.com\/documentation\/TechGuides\/78googleMapsStruc.pdf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/22\/5388\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:24:21Z","timestamp":1760131461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/22\/5388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15225388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15225388","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]}}}