{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:39:07Z","timestamp":1760150347832,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The steady airflow field on a ship is affected by structure and motion and challenged by phenomena such as the low measurement accuracy of the wind field caused by the occlusion of the anemometer. In this work, an improvement in the accuracy of wind measurements affected by structure is proposed, and a method for combining anemometer and X-band marine radar (RCRF) data is designed to further obtain wind parameters. The first step is to use the multivariate bias strategy to achieve the optimal layout of multiple anemometers based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation data. Then, random forest (RF) is employed to train the wind parameter estimation model. Finally, the wind parameters are optimally estimated by combining the anemometer with the X-band radar. Under the ideal simulation, noise, and temporal uncertainty combined with anemometer noise conditions, the RCRF algorithm performance is evaluated. Compared with the bias correction combination four-anemometer weighted fusion algorithm (FAF-BC) and the BP neural network algorithm for radar wind measurement combination (RCBP), the mean errors in wind direction and speed are reduced by 1.99\u00b0 and 6.99% at most. The maximum errors are reduced by 14.46\u00b0 and 15.81% at most, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T09:23:43Z","timestamp":1700213023000},"page":"5392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Method for Estimating Ship Surface Wind Parameters by Combining Anemometer and X-Band Marine Radar Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9835-1033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, No. 145 Nantong Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1461-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhizhong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, No. 145 Nantong Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Congying","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, No. 145 Nantong Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8032-2314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanbo","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical and Electronic Information, Luoyang Normal University, No. 6 Jiqing Road, Luoyang 471934, China"}]},{"given":"Fanming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, No. 145 Nantong Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"Analysis of the aircraft carrier landing task, pilot+ Augmentation\/Automation","volume":"51","author":"Hess","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFAC-Pap."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2018.04.009","article-title":"Novel wireless sensing platform for experimental mapping and validation of ship air wake","volume":"52","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mechatronics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42405-020-00287-2","article-title":"Construction of the Operating Limits Diagram for a Ship-Based Helicopter Using the Design of Experiments with Computational Intelligence Techniques","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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