{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T14:12:25Z","timestamp":1764079945468,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101079201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101079201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A persistent stratospheric aerosol layer first appeared during July 2019 above Thessaloniki, Greece (40.5\u00b0N, 22.9\u00b0E). It was initially at 12 km and, during August 2019, was even up to 20 km, with increased thickness and reduced attenuated backscatter levels till the end of the year. In this study, we analyze the geometrical and optical properties of this stratospheric layer, using ground-based Lidar measurements, CALIOP\/CALIPSO &amp; OMPS-LP space-borne observations, as well as CAMS\/ECMWF assimilation experiments. The main aim of the paper is to present an overview of this atmospheric feature and to identify any temporal changes in the aerosol properties that would signify substantial changes in the composition of this long-lasting stratospheric plume over Thessaloniki. This aim is further enhanced by emphasizing the importance of the combined information based on active ground- and space-borne lidars, passive remote sensing, and models during the complex stratospheric aerosol conditions as those encountered during 2019. The layer\u2019s origin is linked to the Raikoke volcanic eruption in the Kuril Islands in June 2019, yielding a particle linear depolarization ratio less than 0.05, while some indications exist that the intense forest fires at mid and high northern latitudes throughout the summer of 2019 also contributed to the persistent layer. We report that in July, mainly volcanic sulphate aerosol layers with a 1\u20133 km vertical extent were identified in the stratosphere at ~15 km over Thessaloniki, while after August and until the end of 2019, the plume heights showed a significant month-to-month variability and a broadening (with thickness greater than 3 km) towards lower altitudes. The aerosol optical thickness was found to be in the range between 0.004 and 0.125 (visible) and 0.001 and 0.095 (infrared) and the particle depolarization of the detected stratospheric plume was found to be 0.03 \u00b1 0.04, indicative of spherical particles, such as sulphate aerosols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T09:23:43Z","timestamp":1700213023000},"page":"5394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Investigating a Persistent Stratospheric Aerosol Layer Observed over Southern Europe during 2019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kalliopi Artemis","family":"Voudouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Michailidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7509-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Elissavet","family":"Koukouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"R\u00e9my","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HYGEOS, 59000 Lille, France"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Inness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading RG2 9AX, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8362-6516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghassan","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA"},{"name":"NASA\/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6985-3300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Peletidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Siomos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Institute, Ludwig Maximilian Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen (LMU), 80539 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1161-7746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Balis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4313-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Parrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading RG2 9AX, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2482.1","article-title":"Understanding recent stratospheric climate change","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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