{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T08:17:47Z","timestamp":1776759467146,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Belt and Road Special Foundation of the National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention","award":["2022491711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022491711"]}]},{"name":"Belt and Road Special Foundation of the National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention","award":["LR21D060002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR21D060002"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022491711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022491711"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LR21D060002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR21D060002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research on coastal ocean circulation patterns over long time periods is significant for various marine endeavors: environmental protection, coastal engineering construction, and marine renewable energy extraction. Based on sea surface current data remotely observed using a shore-based high frequency radar (HFR) system for one year (2016), spatiotemporal characteristics of surface flow fields of sea surface flow fields along the west coast of Ireland are studied using harmonic analysis, rotary spectral analysis and representative flow fields over different seasons and the whole year. Coastal surface currents in the study area are strongly affected by tidal dynamics of the M2 constituent, showing significant characteristics of regular semidiurnal tide, such as M2 and S2. The energy spectrum distribution indicates that the tidal constituents M2 and S2 are the dominant periodic energy constituents in a counterclockwise spectrum, which mainly presents rotating flow; the representative diurnal tidal constituents is the constituent K1, and its energy spectrum distribution is mainly clockwise. A comparison between probable maximum current velocity (PMCV) and measured maximum current velocity (MMCV) is presented. It shows that although tidal current characteristics in the study area are significant, the main driving force of the currents at the time of the maximum currents is wind energy. These results provide new insights into a region of huge societal potential at early stages of sustainable economic exploitation where few data currently exist.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T09:23:43Z","timestamp":1700213023000},"page":"5395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of Ocean Circulation Characteristics off the West Coast of Ireland Using HF Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ocean Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 510275, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangwei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ocean Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingna","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ocean Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ocean Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3008-5733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6749-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenchang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7855-1983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Hartnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.02.026","article-title":"Validation of HF radar sea surface currents in the Malta-Sicily Channel","volume":"225","author":"Capodici","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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