{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:40:31Z","timestamp":1760150431000,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018540","name":"Gdynia Maritime University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WN\/2023\/PZ\/05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WN\/2023\/PZ\/05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review presents the main results of the author\u2019s study, obtained as part of the post-doctoral (habilitation) dissertation entitled \u201cResearch on Statistical Distributions of Navigation Positioning System Errors\u201d, which constitutes a series of five thematically linked scientific publications. The main scientific aim of this series is to answer the question of what statistical distributions follow the position errors of navigation systems, such as Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS), European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), Global Positioning System (GPS), and others. All of the positioning systems under study (Decca Navigator, DGPS, EGNOS, and GPS) are characterised by the Position Random Walk (PRW), which means that latitude and longitude errors do not appear randomly, being a feature of the normal distribution. The research showed that the Gaussian distribution is not an optimal distribution for the modelling of navigation positioning system errors. A higher fit to the 1D and 2D position errors was exhibited by such distributions as beta, gamma, and lognormal. Moreover, it was proven that the Twice the Distance Root Mean Square (2DRMS(2D)) measure, which assumes a priori normal distribution of position errors in relation to latitude and latitude, was smaller by 10\u201314% than the position error value from which 95% fixes were smaller (it is known as the R95(2D) measure).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T15:30:53Z","timestamp":1700235053000},"page":"5407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Review of the Monothematic Series of Publications Concerning Research on Statistical Distributions of Navigation Positioning System Errors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6026-306X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Specht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Logistics, Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. DoD (2019). 2019 Federal Radionavigation Plan, U.S. DoD."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"45","article-title":"The Mathematics of GPS","volume":"2","author":"Langley","year":"1991","journal-title":"GPS World"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"GPS Accuracy: Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics","volume":"9","year":"1998","journal-title":"GPS World"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bowditch, N. 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