{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T23:55:08Z","timestamp":1776210908744,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China\u2013Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences","award":["CKCEST-2022-1-41"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CKCEST-2022-1-41"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In various regions worldwide, people rely heavily on groundwater as a significant water source for daily usage. The resulting large-scale depletion of groundwater has triggered surface deformation in densely populated urban areas. This paper aims to employ Persistent Scattered Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) techniques to monitor and quantify the land surface deformation (LSD), assess the relationships between LSD and groundwater levels (GWL), and provide insights for urban planning in Lahore, Pakistan, as the research area. A series of Sentinel-1 images from the ascending track between 2017 and 2020 were analyzed. Moreover, the Mann\u2013Kendall (MK) test and coefficient of determination were computed to analyze the long-term trends and spatial relationships between GWL depletion and line of sight (LOS) displacement. Our findings reveal significant increases in land subsidence (LS) and GWL from 2017 to 2020, particularly in the city center of Lahore. Notably, the annual mean subsidence during this period rose from \u221227 mm\/year to \u2212106 mm\/year, indicating an accelerating trend with an average subsidence of \u221220 mm\/year. Furthermore, the MK test indicated a declining trend in GWL, averaging 0.49 m\/year from 2003 to 2020, exacerbating LS. Regions with significant groundwater discharge are particularly susceptible to subsidence rates up to \u2212100 mm. The LS variation was positively correlated with the GWL at a significant level (p &lt; 0.05) and accounted for a high positive correlation at the center of the city, where the urban load was high. Overall, the adopted methodology effectively detects, maps, and monitors land surfaces vulnerable to subsidence, offering valuable insights into efficient sustainable urban planning, surface infrastructure design, and subsidence-induced hazard mitigation in large urban areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:30:50Z","timestamp":1700440250000},"page":"5418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Assessing the Impacts of Groundwater Depletion and Aquifer Degradation on Land Subsidence in Lahore, Pakistan: A PS-InSAR Approach for Sustainable Urban Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Meer Muhammad","family":"Sajjad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5641-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juanle","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"China-Pakistan Earth Science Research Center, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Zeeshan","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Sajid","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Aboubakar","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3587-7369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rehan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring, Ministry of Education, School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4311-3203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy"}]},{"given":"Javed","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"106","article-title":"Remote Sensing and GIS Approach for Groundwater Potential Mapping in Mewat District, Haryana, India","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. 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