{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T21:33:26Z","timestamp":1772573606032,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centro de Teledetecci\u00f3n para el Estudio y Gestion de Recursos Naturales CETEGERN","award":["009-2021-UNAMAD-VRI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["009-2021-UNAMAD-VRI"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios in Peru","award":["009-2021-UNAMAD-VRI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["009-2021-UNAMAD-VRI"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Madre de Dios is considered an important center of biodiversity in Peru due to its extensive Amazonian forests. However, the forests are under growing pressure due to land invasion, agricultural expansion, and gold mining. This makes support for forest management very important. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between forest loss, land cover, land-use changes, and Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. &amp; Bonpl) production in forest concessions in the Peruvian Amazon (2004\u20132020). Remote sensing techniques were used to classify images using the random forest algorithm, which was applied to the Landsat-5 thematic mapper, Landsat-7 enhanced thematic mapper, and Landsat-8 operational land imagery. Brazil nut production data from 2004\u20132020 was provided by the Regional Forest and Wildlife Service of Madre de Dios. In forest concessions, the forest area decreased continuously over the whole study period (160.11 ha\/year). During the same time period, the change in forest cover in the concessions from Brazil nut to other uses was 4681 ha. At the same time, the authorization and extraction of Brazil nuts varied during the study period but did not show a downward trend. We found a significant and inverse relationship between the conversion of forest to agricultural land and Brazil nut production. However, there were insignificant relationships between forest loss, the persistence of agricultural and forest areas, and Brazil nut production. Therefore, despite the forest loss in the forest concession areas, Brazil nut production has not decreased. Production may not be affected because land pressure is higher near access roads, affecting only the areas near the roads rather than the actual areas where the Brazil nut-producing trees are located. Our results showed that nut production in non-timber forest product concessions would be negatively affected by deforestation and forest degradation, but only slightly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15235438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T12:12:13Z","timestamp":1700568733000},"page":"5438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Forest Loss Related to Brazil Nut Production in Non-Timber Forest Product Concessions in a Micro-Watershed in the Peruvian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0816-9911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Alarcon-Aguirre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Acad\u00e9mico de Ingenier\u00eda Forestal y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"},{"name":"Centro de Teledetecci\u00f3n para el Estudio y Gesti\u00f3n de los Recursos Naturales (CETEGERN), Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"},{"name":"Earth Sciences & Dynamics of Ecology and Landscape Research Group, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"},{"name":"Ecology & Restoration of Tropical Ecosystems Research Group, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"}]},{"given":"Maritza","family":"Mamani Mamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Teledetecci\u00f3n para el Estudio y Gesti\u00f3n de los Recursos Naturales (CETEGERN), Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-7910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rembrandt Ramiro","family":"Canahuire-Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Acad\u00e9mico de Ingenier\u00eda Forestal y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"},{"name":"Centro de Teledetecci\u00f3n para el Estudio y Gesti\u00f3n de los Recursos Naturales (CETEGERN), Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"},{"name":"Earth Sciences & Dynamics of Ecology and Landscape Research Group, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"},{"name":"Ecology & Restoration of Tropical Ecosystems Research Group, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"}]},{"given":"Telesforo","family":"Vasquez Zavaleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Acad\u00e9mico de Ingenier\u00eda Forestal y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Pe\u00f1a Valdeiglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Acad\u00e9mico de Ingenier\u00eda Forestal y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"},{"name":"Earth Sciences & Dynamics of Ecology and Landscape Research Group, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Diaz Revoredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Acad\u00e9mico de Derecho y Ciencias Pol\u00edticas, Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"}]},{"given":"Liset","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Achata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences & Dynamics of Ecology and Landscape Research Group, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"},{"name":"Ecology & Restoration of Tropical Ecosystems Research Group, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"},{"name":"Departamento Acad\u00e9mico de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"}]},{"given":"Dalmiro","family":"Ramos Enciso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences & Dynamics of Ecology and Landscape Research Group, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"},{"name":"Departamento Acad\u00e9mico de Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas e Inform\u00e1tica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7494-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Garate-Quispe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Acad\u00e9mico de Ingenier\u00eda Forestal y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"},{"name":"Centro de Teledetecci\u00f3n para el Estudio y Gesti\u00f3n de los Recursos Naturales (CETEGERN), Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"},{"name":"Earth Sciences & Dynamics of Ecology and Landscape Research Group, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"},{"name":"Ecology & Restoration of Tropical Ecosystems Research Group, Universidad Nacional Amaz\u00f3nica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru"},{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-021-01836-5","article-title":"The effects of Amazon deforestation on non-timber forest products","volume":"21","author":"Barata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg. 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