{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T17:25:33Z","timestamp":1775582733066,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong","award":["2019ZT08G669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZT08G669"]}]},{"name":"The Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong","award":["CMAJBGS202212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMAJBGS202212"]}]},{"name":"The Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong","award":["2021Z003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021Z003"]}]},{"name":"The Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong","award":["BE2022851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022851"]}]},{"name":"The Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong","award":["CMA2023QN06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMA2023QN06"]}]},{"name":"China Meteorological Administration\u2019s \u201cUnveiled and Commanded\u201d Project","award":["2019ZT08G669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZT08G669"]}]},{"name":"China Meteorological Administration\u2019s \u201cUnveiled and Commanded\u201d Project","award":["CMAJBGS202212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMAJBGS202212"]}]},{"name":"China Meteorological Administration\u2019s \u201cUnveiled and Commanded\u201d Project","award":["2021Z003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021Z003"]}]},{"name":"China Meteorological Administration\u2019s \u201cUnveiled and Commanded\u201d Project","award":["BE2022851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022851"]}]},{"name":"China Meteorological Administration\u2019s \u201cUnveiled and Commanded\u201d Project","award":["CMA2023QN06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMA2023QN06"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Fund of CAMS","award":["2019ZT08G669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZT08G669"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Fund of CAMS","award":["CMAJBGS202212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMAJBGS202212"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Fund of CAMS","award":["2021Z003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021Z003"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Fund of CAMS","award":["BE2022851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022851"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Fund of CAMS","award":["CMA2023QN06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMA2023QN06"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Key R&amp;D Plan Social Development General Project","award":["2019ZT08G669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZT08G669"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Key R&amp;D Plan Social Development General Project","award":["CMAJBGS202212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMAJBGS202212"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Key R&amp;D Plan Social Development General Project","award":["2021Z003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021Z003"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Key R&amp;D Plan Social Development General Project","award":["BE2022851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022851"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Key R&amp;D Plan Social Development General Project","award":["CMA2023QN06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMA2023QN06"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Team of China Meteorological Administration","award":["2019ZT08G669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZT08G669"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Team of China Meteorological Administration","award":["CMAJBGS202212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMAJBGS202212"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Team of China Meteorological Administration","award":["2021Z003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021Z003"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Team of China Meteorological Administration","award":["BE2022851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022851"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Team of China Meteorological Administration","award":["CMA2023QN06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMA2023QN06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper comprehensively analyzed two consecutive tornado events associated with heavy precipitation during the Mei-yu season (a period of continuous rainy weather that occurs in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China from mid-June to mid-July each year) and detailed the formation and development process of the tornadoes using Doppler weather radar, wind profiler radar, ERA5 reanalysis data, ground automatic station data and other multi-source data. The results showed that: (1) Small-scale vortices were triggered and developed during the eastward movement of the low vortex, forming two tornadoes successively on the eastern section of the Mei-yu front. (2) The presence of a gap on the front side of the reflectivity factor profile indicated that strong incoming airflow entered the updraft. Mesocyclones were detected with decreasing heights and increasing shear strengths. The bottom height of the tornado vortex signature (TVS) dropped to 0.7 km, and the shear value increased to 55.4 \u00d7 10\u22123 s\u22121. Tornado debris signatures (TDSs) could be seen with a low cross-correlation coefficient (CC) value area of 0.85\u20130.9 in the mesocyclone. The difference between the lowest-level difference velocity (LLDV) and the maximum difference velocity (MXDV) reached the largest value when a tornado occurred. (3) The continuously enhanced low-level jet propagated downward to form a super-low-level jet, and the strong wind direction and wind speed convergence in the boundary layer created a warm, moist and unstable atmosphere in Suzhou. With the entrainment of dry air, the northwest dry jet and the southeast moist jet stimulated the formation of a miniature supercell. (4) The low-level vertical wind shear of 0\u20131 km increased significantly upon tornado occurrence, which was more conducive to the formation and intensification of horizontal vorticity tubes. Encountering updrafts and downdrafts, the vorticity tubes might have been stretched and intensified. The first lightning jumps appeared 15 min and 66 min earlier than the Kunshan Bacheng tornado and the Taicang Liuhe tornado. The Liuhe tornado occurred during the stage when the lightning frequency reached its peak and then fell back.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15235470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T03:45:56Z","timestamp":1700711156000},"page":"5470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Radar Characteristics and Causal Analysis of Two Consecutive Tornado Events Associated with Heavy Precipitation during the Mei-Yu Season"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shuya","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Meteorological Bureau, Suzhou 215131, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation of Meteorology CMA, Nanjing 210019, China"},{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Tropical Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation of Meteorology CMA, Nanjing 210019, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Meteorological Observatory, Nanjing 210019, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2179-5119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangxin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Tropical Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), International Joint Research Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peifeng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Meteorological Bureau, Suzhou 215131, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation of Meteorology CMA, Nanjing 210019, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Meteorological Bureau, Suzhou 215131, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation of Meteorology CMA, Nanjing 210019, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Meteorological Bureau, Suzhou 215131, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Severe convective storms\u2014An overview","volume":"905","author":"Doswell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Severe Convective Storms. 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